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1.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 155–181) posits that older adults, and anyone else who perceives their time as limited, show a motivational shift toward
emotion regulation which causes them to exhibit a positivity bias and negativity avoidance in attention and memory. We tested
whether such a motivational shift can indeed cause changes in emotional processing by manipulating motivation in a sample
of young adults. After the manipulation, participants looked at real-world images while their eye movements were tracked.
It was found that participants motivated to regulate emotion attended less to negative than positive images and showed less
looking time to all stimulus types compared to the other two conditions. No evidence was found linking the motivational manipulation
to emotional memory.
相似文献
Derek M. IsaacowitzEmail: |
2.
Congruence Between Implicit and Explicit Motives and Emotional Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Activity Inhibition 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Thomas A. Langens 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(1):49-59
The current research tested the hypothesis that activity inhibition–conceptualized as the degree of restraint an individual
exercises over emotional and motivational impulses–moderates the association between congruence of implicit and explicit motives
and emotional well-being. Congruence of implicit and explicit motives was expected to be related to a more positive well-being
among individuals low in activity inhibition, but not among individuals high in activity inhibition. Two cross-sectional studies
(Study 1: N=72; Study 2: N=147) were conducted to test this hypothesis. Both studies found the predicted pattern of results for achievement motivation,
demonstrating that congruence of implicit and explicit achievement motivation was related to a more positive mood only for
participants low in activity inhibition. There was no evidence of congruence effects for affiliation motivation.
相似文献
Thomas A. LangensEmail: |
3.
The current study is inspired by recent findings, which suggest that conflict is involved in the updating of memory representations.
It directly addresses the relation between memory updating and conflict resolution by means of the one-back choice reaction
time (RT) task, an updating task, which requires participants to postpone their response to stimulus n until the subsequent stimulus n + 1 has been presented. In three experiments, a more detailed analysis of the one-back choice RT task is presented in order
to further identify the role of conflict resolution in memory updating. The findings demonstrate that the one-back choice
RT task, which allows motor preparation just like a simple RT task, is in fact performed slower than a simple RT task because
it additionally involves conflict resolution. It is further shown that also the response–stimulus interval of the one-back
task involves processes that affect the amount of conflict in the task. In the "General discussion", the theoretical relevance of these findings for the concept of updating is discussed.
相似文献
Arnaud SzmalecEmail: |
4.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |
5.
Research has focused heavily on whether individuals can fake on personality inventories. Research is less clear on whether
individuals actually do fake on personality inventories. Verbal protocol analysis was used to trace the motivational processes
for 12 participants as they completed a personality inventory in an applicant context. Exploratory analyses suggested that
individuals do fake on personality inventories; that individuals can be classed into one of three faking classes (honest responders,
slight fakers, and extreme fakers); and that honest fakers take less time to complete and make less corrections to their personality
inventories than faking responders. Study implications, limitations, and future research will be discussed.
相似文献
Chet RobieEmail: |
6.
Development of achievement-related motives in young athletes is believed to be influenced by the motivational climate created
by coaches. In a longitudinal multilevel design utilizing 47 youth basketball teams, coach-initiated motivational climate
was used to predict changes in 9–13 year old athletes’ achievement goal orientations over the course of a season. Mastery
climate scores on the Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports were associated with significant increases in mastery goal
orientation and decreases in ego orientation scores on the Achievement Goal Scale for Youth Sports. Ego motivational climate
scores were significantly related to increases in ego goal orientation scores. These relations were not influenced by athletes’
age or gender. Intraclass correlations indicated low within-team consensus in athletes’ motivational climate scores, suggesting
an individual- rather than team-level perceptual construct. These and other findings indicate that achievement goal orientation
research can be extended downward to children below the age of 11.
相似文献
Ronald E. SmithEmail: |
7.
In two experiments, we investigated memory for words location after writing a text. Experiment 1 demonstrated the existence
of a memory for words location in writing by showing that participants who first composed a text and were then asked to locate
words extracted from their text performed above a chance level established using a computer simulation, and better than participants
who did not compose a text but were told the subject of the text. Experiment 2 showed that memory for words location in writing
is mainly supported by a visuospatial representation of the text, as indicated by the lower recall of words location by participants
who performed a visuospatial concurrent task at the time of the composition, compared with participants who performed a verbal
concurrent task. The findings highlight the role of a spatial representation of the physical layout of the text and the role
of such a memory in the writing process.
相似文献
Thierry OliveEmail: |
8.
The present research investigated whether assessing adolescent elite athletes’ motivational profiles at the beginning of the
season would allow us to predict their subsequent performance over the course of a competitive season. In two studies, athletes
completed the French version of the Sport Motivation Scale (Brière et al., Int J Sport Psychol 26:465–489, 1995) at the beginning of the season. Objective levels of performance were recorded for the following season, as well as for the
season prior to questionnaire completion. In Study 1, the sample comprised a total of 170 French junior national tennis players
(M = 13.42 years). Results revealed the presence of a four-cluster solution, reflecting different levels of autonomous and controlled
motivations. Results revealed that controlling for past performance, athletes with the least self-determined motivational
profile obtained lower levels of subsequent tennis performance than those in the three other (more self-determined motivational)
clusters. In Study 2, there were a total of 250 French junior national fencers aged 15 years. Results revealed a three-cluster
solution very similar to that of Study 1. In addition, in line with Study 1, results revealed that the least self-determined
motivational profile led to the lowest level of performance. Overall, these findings suggest that cluster analysis is useful
in the understanding of the complex relationship between motivation and performance in elite sport.
相似文献
Nicolas GilletEmail: |
9.
Carlo Tomasetto Maria Cristina Matteucci Felice Carugati Patrizia Selleri 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(2):191-211
Research on academic learning indicates that many students experience major difficulties with introductory statistics and
methodology courses. We hypothesized that students’ difficulties may depend in part on the fact that statistics tasks are
commonly viewed as related to the threatening domain of math. In two field experiments which we carried out in the ecological
context of introductory statistics courses, the representation of a statistics task administered to undergraduate students
in Psychology (Study 1; n = 127) and Biology (Study 2; n = 166) was manipulated. In both studies we found that students who reported the least favorable prior attainments in math
had their performance thwarted when the task was presented as related to the math domain, whereas no performance impairment
was observed when the task was presented as related to the verbal/linguistic domain. Implications of the findings for the
design and delivery of introductory statistics and research methodology courses are discussed.
相似文献
Carlo TomasettoEmail: |
10.
Ingo Aberle Matthias Kliegel Daniel Zimprich 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(1):6-15
In the present study, we investigated cognitive status and cognitive development in young-old Type-2 diabetes patients. Extending
previous research, using the sample of the ILSE study (“Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Aging”), we applied a comprehensive
cognitive test battery to 38 Type-2 diabetes patients (mean age at T1: 63 years) and 421 control participants and tested both
cognitive status and longitudinal changes after four years in several cognitive domains (crystallized intelligence, verbal
memory, visual memory, executive functioning, psychomotor speed, and fluid intelligence). Results revealed no cross-sectional
group differences in any cognitive domain at T1 nor at T2. However, testing group differences in intraindividual change over
time, reliable group differences in the change of crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence were revealed. While controls
improved in crystallized intelligence as well as in fluid intelligence over time, diabetes patients’ performance decreased.
The results demonstrate that in young-old adults the effects of diabetes on cognition may only be detected by analyzing within-person
changes instead of mean level differences.
相似文献
Matthias KliegelEmail: URL: http://tu-dresden.de/mn/psy/epsy |
11.
Personality as a Prospective Vulnerability to Dysphoric Symptoms Among College Students: Proposed Mechanisms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zia Lakdawalla Benjamin L. Hankin 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):121-131
Personality and psychopathology have long been associated; however, the mechanisms that account for this link are not well
understood. Stress generation and cognitive vulnerability are examined as potential mechanisms to explain the association
between negative emotionality and dysphoria. To evaluate these mechanisms, college students completed measures of personality,
dysfunctional attitudes, negative cognitive style, dysphoric symptoms, and negative events. Two years later the same students
reported on the occurrence of negative events and levels of dysphoric symptoms that they had experienced over the 2-year follow-up
period. Consistent with hypotheses, negative emotionality predicted prospective increases in dysphoric symptoms and the generation
of more stressors over time. Both dysfunctional attitudes and negative cognitive style interacted with these additional stressors
to predict prospective elevations in dysphoria, and these cognitive vulnerability–stress components partially mediated the
association between negative emotionality and future elevations of dysphoric symptoms.
相似文献
Benjamin L. HankinEmail: |
12.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
Bernd BuldtEmail: |
Benedikt L?we (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas MüllerEmail: |
13.
This research investigated the influence of reminders of mortality on biased attention for fear-relevant animals across 2
studies. In each study, participants completed a baseline dot-probe test of attention to fear-relevant animals (snakes and
spiders). After random assignment, participants completed a mortality salience or control writing task (about watching television
in Study 1 and about writing an important exam in Study 2). Finally, participants completed the dot-probe measure a second
time. In both studies, those in the mortality salience condition showed a significant reduction in bias for fear-relevant
animals from baseline to post-manipulation, whereas no change was found for those in the control conditions. These data suggest
that the previously demonstrated lack of emotional response to mortality salience may, in part, result from the avoidance
of fear-relevant stimuli.
相似文献
Geoff MacDonaldEmail: |
14.
Jennifer Henderlong Corpus Christin M. Ogle Kelly E. Love-Geiger 《Motivation and emotion》2006,30(4):333-343
Two studies examined the effects of social-comparison versus mastery praise on 4th- and 5th-grade children’s intrinsic motivation.
Children received a high score and either social-comparison praise, mastery praise, or no praise for working on a set of novel
puzzles. They then worked on a different task and were given either ambiguous feedback (Study 1) or positive feedback (Study
2) before completing measures of intrinsic motivation. Mastery praise enhanced intrinsic motivation and social-comparison
praise curtailed it when uncertainty about children’s subsequent performance was introduced (Study 1) and, for girls, even
in situations of continued success (Study 2). Social-comparison praise also tended to discourage children from seeking subsequent
self-evaluative normative information. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
相似文献
Jennifer Henderlong CorpusEmail: |
15.
Daniel E. Flage 《Philosophia》2009,37(3):379-380
This note is a reply to some of Giovanni Grandi’s comments on my paper “Berkeley’s Contingent Necessities.”
相似文献
Daniel E. FlageEmail: |
16.
Mental fatigue influence on effort-related cardiovascular response: difficulty effects and extension across cognitive performance domains 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rex A. Wright Tonia R. Junious Christin Neal Ashley Avello Candace Graham Laura Herrmann Sonia Junious Natasha Walton 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(3):219-231
Two experiments investigated cardiovascular effects of mental fatigue as a function of (1) the difficulty of the cognitive
challenge with which participants were confronted, and (2) the relevance of that challenge to the activity that instigated
the fatigue. In the first, participants performed an easy (fatigue low) or difficult (fatigue high) counting task and then
were presented an arithmetic challenge (task B relevance high) or a scanning challenge (task B relevance low) with instructions
that they would avoid a noise if they attained a modest performance standard. Analysis of blood pressure responses assessed
during the work periods revealed fatigue main effects, reflecting stronger responses for High Fatigue participants, regardless
of the character of the second task. In the second, the procedure was the same except that it included a high performance
standard and provided the chance to win a prize. Analysis of the pressure data revealed fatigue x work period interactions,
reflecting relatively stronger responses among High Fatigue participants in work period 1, but relatively weaker responses
among these participants in work period 2. Results confirm previous findings and support an analysis of fatigue influence
on effort and associated cardiovascular responses. They also argue against the idea that mental fatigue influence may be confined
to relevant cognitive performance realms.
相似文献
Rex A. WrightEmail: |
17.
M. S. Bedke 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(2):189-209
Consider orthodox motivational judgment internalism: necessarily, A’s sincere moral judgment that he or she ought to φ motivates
A to φ. Such principles fail because they cannot accommodate the amoralist, or one who renders moral judgments without any
corresponding motivation. The orthodox alternative, externalism, posits only contingent relations between moral judgment and
motivation. In response I first revive conceptual internalism by offering some modifications on the amoralist case to show
that certain community-wide motivational failures are not conceptually possible. Second, I introduce a theory of moral motivation
that supplements the intuitive responses to different amoralist cases. According to moral judgment purposivism (MJP), in rough
approximation, a purpose of moral judgments is to motivate corresponding behaviors such that a mental state without this purpose
is not a moral judgment. MJP is consistent with conceptual desiderata, provides an illuminating analysis of amoralist cases,
and offers a step forward in the internalist-externalist debates.
相似文献
M. S. BedkeEmail: |
18.
J. Angelo Corlett 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(3):205-209
This paper amounts to a reply to Professor Donald G. Brown’s thoughtful comment on my “Ethical Issues in Journal Peer-Review”,
which appeared in this journal.
相似文献
J. Angelo CorlettEmail: |
19.
John T. Kulas Alicia A. Stachowski Brad A. Haynes 《Journal of business and psychology》2008,22(3):251-259
Two studies examined whether the middle response option in graphic rating scales indicates a moderate standing on a trait/item,
or rather a “dumping ground” for unsure or non-applicable (N/A) responses. Study One identified middle response-option dysfunction.
Study Two indicated that respondents use the middle response option as an N/A proxy, even under implicit ‘skip if you do not
know’ instructional sets. Although middle response category ‘misuse’ did not adversely affect reliability and validity in
these studies, it is recommended that assessment developers (especially in on-line administration contexts) regularly include
an N/A response option when administering graphic rating scales.
相似文献
John T. KulasEmail: |
20.
Tsuda I 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2008,42(2):153-156
I would like to deal with a process that numbers are generated by the interaction between consciousness and memory, associated
with time with a finite width. It is pointed out that this process can be related with the emergence of preafference. It is
concluded that only humans can create numbers, whereas animals simply produce ‘random’ sequences of symbols because they lack
intentionality to search for an appropriate internal observation window that makes intention and memory compatible.
相似文献
Ichiro TsudaEmail: |