湖北地区气象变化与部分传染病发病规律研究——运气理论视角下的思考

探索湖北地区气象变化与部分传染病发病的关系。以湖北地区气象变化为依据,中医运气理论为指导,选取15个传染病,探索湖北地区气象变化与传染病发病的关系。湖北地区气象变化基本符合运气理论推测,部分传染病的发病与运气盛衰有关。     

平等与运气:以德沃金为中心的考察

作为运气均等主义理论--当代平等理论争论的焦点问题之一--最为著名的代表,罗纳德·德沃金将运气分为"原生运气"与"选项运气",并认为町以通过虚拟保险市场这种思想试验将原生运气转化为选项运气.实际上,德沃金对选项运气与原生运气的区分是不合理的,同时德沃金通过虚拟保险市场将原生运气转化为选项运气的努力亦是不成功的.虽然如此,原生运气和选项运气仍是运气均等主义理论的重要分析概念.     

当代西方运气均等主义的理论演进及其问题

运气均等主义正成为当代西方平等思想中一个具有重要影响的理论思潮.为实现对所有人的平等关照与尊重,该理论要求政府和社会要承担集体责任,尽力抵消由人们不能负责的原生运气产生的不平等,个人要承担个人责任,对自身选择的结果负责.随着运气均等主义的理论演进,越来越展示出独有的理论魅力,同时也逐渐显露出内在的困境和问题.     

运气均等主义理论:证成与反对

运气均等主义理论是当今平等理论争论的焦点问题之一.人们关于运气均等主义的争论可以分为"外部之争"和"内部之争"两个方面:运气均等主义的外部之争是争论运气均等主义本身"能否证成"的问题,而运气均等主义的内部之争是在认同运气均等主义基本信条的前提下,争论应该以"什么的平等"来体现它.实际上,就平等理论关注的对象而言,运气均等主义错置了关注的重心,与平等主义政治运动相脱节,已经走进了死胡同.运气均等主义要实现自我救赎,应扩大其关注的范围.     

湖北佛寺建筑历史研究——东汉至隋唐

正湖北,史称鄂、楚或荆楚。在中国佛教发展史上,湖北是不可替代的重要之区,甚至一度成为全国性的佛教文化中心。历史上,湖北地区的行政辖属范围屡有变化,一度包括了河南、湖南和江西的部分地区。为了研究范围的明晰,本文遵从现在湖北的行政区划,尽量使用湖北省内的案例史料。     

评运气均等主义的三种变体理论

传统的运气均等主义理论遭到了来自平等主义和非平等主义的双重批判,运气均等主义者发展了三种变体理论来为运气均等主义辩护。制度运气均等主义将关注的范围限定在制度领域,这难以解决与运气相关的不平等问题,它的解释更像是一种民主互惠的理想。虽然动态运气均等主义为思考责任问题提供了一个新的理论视角,但是其所依赖的基础理论问题重重,并且其所建议的措施会导致对有才能者的奴役和对个人选择自由的限制。相对基线运气均等主义没有成功解决基线悖论、偏好以及多元化的担忧问题。     

运气怀疑论:知识理论的一个概念框架

盖梯尔问题是当代认识论的焦点之一,它指出了传统的知识定义存在严重缺陷。众多学者发现,盖梯尔问题的本质是知识与运气不相容,即知识不能是凭借运气而为真的信念。本文进一步分析运气所带来的认识论难题,指出盖梯尔问题及其后续探究实际上可总结为一个以悖论形式呈现的"运气怀疑论"。运气怀疑论为理解各种知识理论提供了一个概念框架,并明确了目前的知识理论需要在"分析论题""无运气论题""运气的遍在"三个命题所构成的悖论中给出合理的解悖方案。     

从道德运气到伦理运气——美德伦理视野中的运气问题研究

自威廉姆斯和内格尔1976年同以《道德运气》为题发表两篇重要论文以来,运气问题逐渐成为伦理学讨论的热门话题.作为存在于生活之中但又超出行为者能动性之外的不确定因素,运气始终是人类所无法逃避的.然而,现代道德哲学出于对能动性(尤其是人类理性)的信任,不尽合理地将“道德”圈定在能动性范畴内,而把运气限定在一个相对边缘的地带.与之相比,美德伦理学从一开始就正视运气的存在,较为全面地容纳和考察运气的伦理意义.美德伦理学通过区分“道德”与“伦理”,并将“道德运气”拓展为“伦理运气”,为人们理解伦理生活和伦理知识的实质提供了新的启发.     

运气特质:将机遇转化为一种可利用的力量

运气在各种文化中都非常普遍,但在心理学界对运气的定义一直存在争议。本文在分析以往三种主要的运气观后,基于中国传统文化的视角将运气定义为“个体在一定时间或期限内由定数和变数组合而成的发展轨迹或发展趋势,其中变数主要是指机遇,定数主要是指运气特质”。运气特质能决定个体幸运与否,并通过产生控制幻觉或者改变个体的自我概念将运气转化为个体可利用的内部力量。未来研究可进一步探讨运气特质的结构及其与幸运感、感恩、幸福感、亲社会行为、赌博行为、腐败行为等变量的关系。     

A型人在常人以及心脑血管病患者中分布比例的比较研究

问题随着科学的进步,人的物质生活水平的提高和医疗技术,医学理论的进展,当今世界上威胁人的健康的疾病从烈性传染病转为心脑血管病和恶性肿瘤,这样,人们对这些疾病的研究工作也随之深入开展起来。尤其是对心脑血管疾病发病机制的探讨已有大量研究资料,其中冠心病的危险因素的研究最为引人注目。关于行为类型与冠心病关系的研究工作是由M.Fridman 和R.H.R θsenman 首先开     

工程中利益冲突问题研究

首先在详细分析工程中利益冲突已有定义的基础上,本文从不同角度提出了一种不同的定义。然后,分析了利益冲突的构成,并列举了利益冲突的情形。接着,分析了利益冲突的伦理问题,并提出解决方法。最后介绍了美国工程社团以及大型企业有关利益冲突的伦理章程和行为规范。     

Conflicts of interest in science in Armenia

The author describes problems facing Armenia in reorganization of the structure of science in the post-socialist era with the aim of utilizing limited state resources more efficiently by reducing the number of separate scientific institutes, concentrating on essential core subjects required by the nation and encouraging all other projects to compete in the international arena for grant sponsorship. An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.     

PTSD在中国的研究进展

PTSD是近十年来在中国精神病学界逐渐引起重视的一种反应性精神障碍。随着国外对PTSD的深入研究以及中国心理卫生事业的发展,相关领域的学者开始从事这一方面的研究并取得了不少成就。文章对中国PTSD的流行病学、神经生物学基础、病因学以及诊断和治疗等各个方面的研究作了初步总结和探讨。     

Visual impressions of penetration in the perception of objects in motion

Observers viewed visual stimuli in which one object moved to a position of partial occlusion by another. The objects were presented as two-dimensional profiles moving in an undefined space, so the partial occlusion supports several different physical interpretations. In fact some stimuli reliably gave rise to a perceptual impression that the moving object penetrated or pierced the stationary one. This kind of interaction impression has not previously been reported. The impression was maximized by rapid deceleration to a halt with minimal occlusion. If the object decelerated more slowly, so that it was completely occluded or projected from the far side of the stationary object, it was perceived as moving behind the stationary object. The shape of the moving object and its speed prior to occlusion had significant but small effects.     

A review of methods in the study of attention in autism

Atypical attention, while not a diagnostic feature, is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The study of these atypicalities has recently gained in both quantity and quality, due in part to an increased focus on attentional atypicalities as one of the earliest signs of ASD in infancy. A range of attentional processes and components have been investigated, and the methods used are varied, from Posner-type paradigms, to the more recent use of eye-movement recording and change-detection techniques. This methodological complexity is one factor in the production of conflicting evidence on the topic of attention in ASD. This review uses a focus on methodology to clarify the literature to date and provide a resource for researchers wishing to study attention in ASD. Other factors that have contributed to the current discrepancies in findings are discussed, particularly the role of individual and group differences within the population of people with ASD.     

Components of aggression in chickens and conceptualizations of aggression in general

A refined analysis of the peck order in chickens was offered as a test of the notion that for this species, different responses such as leaping and various types of pecking need not be interchangeable indexes of aggression. Indeed, tests showed that particular response types of the birds were differentially mediated by organismic or environmental factors. In large cages pecking at the body was most frequent by birds that had a home-cage advantage. Contrarily, rates of aggressive leaping were independent of this environmental influence, with males having an advantage over females. Males showed more head pecking than females, but the profile for this sex difference did not resemble the profile for leaping. Correlational analyses revealed that whereas head pecking between testmates was not matched in frequency, leaping was positively related. Finally, the behavior of birds tested in small cages differed from that of the large-cage subjects. Although there was more head pecking in the small cages, males did not have an edge, and leaping was infrequent. Such results indicate that these responses cannot be viewed as interchangeable indicators of aggression in fowl.