“傻子”困境与“服从”难题 —— 博弈困境中的合作与服从问题的伦理学探究

博弈困境为探究社会合作秩序和道德(正义)准则从一种缺乏伦理引导的状态中缘起,提供了一种富有启示性的类比。而与博弈论通过重复博弈的实验来解释合作演化的机制所不同的是,伦理学家们在分享"博弈玩具"兴趣的同时,通过对博弈境遇中人类互动合作的条件以及道德(正义)原则的获得和服从问题的诠释,力图为这一困境提供某种"道德解"。     

从演化博弈看文化的形成与稳定

从演化博弈视角看,文化的形成与稳定可以视为多个纯纳什均衡的演化稳定过程。演化稳定策略(ESS)可以很好地解释这个过程。从演化博弈的角度研究群体文化的形成,用演化博弈的基本观点和方法进行社会行为解读,有助于解释群体成员的行为模式。文化的演化可以用演化博弈思想加以解释:文化的形成是一个演化稳定的过程。一个群体文化的形成过程,在博弈框架下可以看成群体成员在某个策略上实现合作的过程。     

我国医院"品牌建设"浅探

随着社会生产力的提升和商品经济的发展,全球经济进入品牌时代.经济全球化的发展将使我国医疗机构进一步与国际接轨、参与竞争,医院"品牌建设"势在必行.从品牌的价值、医疗市场的竞争以及我国医院"品牌建设"的现状入手,重点讨论品牌经营战略.     

脊椎动物进化成人类"自然选择"动力的探索

达尔文生物进化演化规律已成为自然与社会的普遍规律.总结、分析近年来生物进化、分子生物学、基因遗传学与医学研究的新成果,认为不同种类的陆地脊椎动物之间以及猿猴与人的差别,主要是生活习性与运动行为的区别.结论是,在生存环境的压力下,运动行为的欲望、变异与灵巧智能化的需求,可能是脊椎动物加速进化成人类"自然选择动力"的主要原因.     

社会公平正义与伦理——"第五届两岸伦理学术研讨会"综述

第五届两岸伦理学术研讨会以"社会公平正义与伦理"为主题,就"中、西伦理思想中的公平正义"、"社会公平正义与环境伦理"、"社会公平正义与政治伦理"、"社会公平正义与企业伦理"及中西方传统伦理、生命伦理、家庭伦理、校园道德文化建设等问题进行了广泛交流和深入探讨.     

孔子的"义利观"与医院的经营之道

义利关系是中国传统思想中与政治、经济、文化最为密切的一种价值观.以孔子"义利观"为代表的中国传统企业经营的指导思想,对医院构建遵守道德规范、讲求诚信、以人为本、完善激励机制、"以质量为核心"等经营之道具有重大的理论价值和现实意义,它将引导医院实现其所追求的道德观念和法律价值,达到道义与功利综合的发展.     

张岱年先生"兼和"思想发微——纪念张岱年先生诞辰100周年

"兼和"范畴是张岱年哲学的核心范畴,它包括内容与形式两个层次以及多样性、创造性、统一性三种基本要素(基本特征),融贯了形上学、方法论、价值论与人生论,是张岱年哲学的精髓.在一定意义上,我们可以把张岱年哲学称为"兼和哲学"."兼和"反映了宇宙演化和人类社会的客观规律,契合当前我国和世界发展的客观要求,可以为"和谐社会"与"和谐世界"理论提供新的启示.     

建立"社区卒中单元"的必要性

"社区卒中单元"是以社区医疗机构为支撑,以患者家庭为中心,以此二者双向互动为轴线,以提高卒中患者的生活质量为目的."社区卒中单元"与通常意义上的"医院卒中单元"不同.在这一模式中,患者及其家属的康复自助的积极性、主动性具有决定意义.     

道德主客体与"以德治国"

"以德治国"是一项指导社会政治实践的道德活动,是道德主体以一定的目的改造道德客体的特殊社会行为,不仅道德活动的主客体之间是相互作用的,道德主体本身也是不断生成、不断发展的.本文拟从道德活动本身和"以德治国"两个层面,遵循逻辑与历史一致原则,阐明道德主体的内涵、要求及其与"以德治国"的关系.     

海外华人传统宗教的现代演化

当前海外华人传统宗教遇到了“世俗化”与“在地化”等诸多挑战,这给华人传统宗教的生存带来威胁的同时,也为其转型提供了机遇.本文基于宗教社会学有关宗教功能演化的理论,以东南亚华人传统宗教为实际考察对象,分析和探讨了海外华人传统宗教在现代社会的功能演化以及网络化、制度化的发展趋势.     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.