医学与伦理能否同行——从生命伦理学的特点探讨科技与伦理的关系

内在自生,问题导向、案例推进和体制化、规范化是生命伦理学兴起和发展的三个特点,表明科技与伦理的关系发生了新变化.科学家在科技伦理的舞台上扮演着重要角色,生命科学和医学走到了前台,科技与伦理的矛盾冲突也有所不同.为此,要努力探求科技与伦理的良性互动,培养一批高素质人才.     

和谐伦理的现代需求与组织伦理

现代社会的伦理危机是由现代性伦理需求的供给不足所导致的.传统道德哲学不能满足有机团结的、远距离的现代社会及其行动结构所提出的伦理需求.伦理视阈中的组织,是实体性的道德责任主体和创生性的伦理实体.组织所具备的这两大伦理特征,能较好地承担现代社会的伦理需求.组织伦理的研究可以帮助解决现代社会的伦理危机,实现伦理和谐.     

从组织工程学看知识创新的主要特征

1　组织工程学体现了知识创新的创造性特征 ,创造性是知识创新的首要特性1985年Ｒｕｓｓｅｌ的一篇关于选择细胞移植的评论文章中大胆提出器官移植的新方法———即仅选择器官或组织的部分进行移植 ,他讨论了胰岛细胞的抑制和肝细胞的传递 ,但是这种把细胞悬浮在组织上是不能形成组织结构的 ,它因缺少固有的起始结构和引导组织再建的支架 ,而没有取得成功。 1984年Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ儿童医院进行了肝移植手术。但由于器官缺乏 ,在Ｖａｃａｎｔｉ领导下该院新建立的组织工程和移植实验室与麻省理工学院的Ｌａｎｇｅｒ教授指导的聚合物实验室的研究…     

科技伦理中的原则主义

原则主义是20世纪70年代产生于生命医学伦理学研究和实践领域的重要方法,近几年来随着人工智能的兴起,原则主义被不同行动主体在多层次、多领域广泛应用。然而,新兴技术引发道德难题的情境化、多元化、大众化等特征,使得原则主义在方法论意义上面临着诸如融贯性、伦理洗地、人类中心主义等多重困境。实际上,原则主义是当前科技伦理治理的有效工具,能够发挥构建科研文化的认知作用,在实践上也有利于科技伦理的多元主体参与、全球科技治理、伦理风险评估和敏捷治理,并能够为新兴技术的政策制定和立法提供价值基础。而当代原则主义的构建应遵循人与技术物相互融合、协同演化的基本理念,并非传统意义上的人类中心主义。     

人文走进医学究竟路有多长?——医学伦理与医学关系视角的讨论

人文与医学的渐远和分离是生命科学与技术进步过程中的一种必然现象.医学的人文性是医学的本质规定性,人文走进医学本质上是一种相互完成回归的过程.医学道德与医学的关系是人文与医学关系的一个缩影.两者在特定历史阶段的分离,使它们从浑然一体分化为不同学科,如今的回归并非学科重归医学,而是医学道德回归家园.在社会与科学发展的大背景下,寻求回归之路成为可能,但受到多种条件限制,回归之路定很漫长.     

医学科技企业科技伦理治理现状的定性研究

为了解科技企业在医学科技伦理治理方面的现状与认知,通过对30位来自科研、伦理、工程和管理领域的专业人士进行焦点小组访谈,发现尽管企业已普遍认识到伦理审查的重要性,但不同领域企业伦理治理不均衡,仍面临监管分散、伦理审查专业能力不足、专业人才匮乏以及要求流程不清晰等诸多挑战。因此,建议政府应完善科技伦理审查工作指引,加强监管并提供更有力的支撑服务,企业需要进一步提升伦理审查能力,共同促进科技企业在医学科技领域的健康发展。

     

医学科研与医学科研伦理的辩证思考

医学科研中出现许多伦理问题。其必然性在于科学与伦理的不同：即属性不同、评价标准不同、变革速度不同。医学伦理可以告诉人们什么样的医学科研活动是善的,什么样的科研行为是应该做的。医学科研中要把握医学伦理观,体现医学科技观,富有医学创新观。     

科技与伦理的思考

科技的前所未有的巨大进步给人类带来的巨大福祉和惶恐不安 ,使人们思考科技与伦理究竟是一种什么关系。换言之 ,科学技术的发展是否应该有道德价值的导向。文章从历史上对科技与伦理关系的思考、科技与道德的辩证关系、科技发展的道德制约三个方面论述了这个问题。     

医学道德的式微与重建——兼论德性伦理、机构伦理和制度伦理关系

从胡卫民、张曙、兰越峰、张煜四位医生面临的困境,以及当前的医疗反腐态势分析,提出当前医学道德式微的原因在于长期以来对于利益伦理研究的缺失,同时微观层面个人道德主导地位的式微,中观层面机构伦理建设阙如,宏观层面制度伦理建设亟待加强。当代社会亟须加强医德重建,首先需要充分重视利益伦理的研究,利益必须加以限制,同时要加强制度伦理、机构伦理和德性伦理建设,形成一个从上至下、由内而外的伦理系统,让伦理遍布医学各个领域,引领医疗行业健康发展。     

如何看待科学与伪科学之争

在世界新宗教运动中,神秘主义兴起,伪科学大有泛滥之势。人们在批评伪科学时,往往把伪科学的兴起归结为科学素养的不足,但这只能部分说     

如何看待科学与伪科学之争

(续上期) 迄今为止,人类对自身生命体和思维现象的认识还非常肤浅,意识是怎样形成的,思维是怎样     

Conflict and Compatibility: Some Thoughts on the Relationship between Science and Religion

Scholarly studies of the science and religion question tend to take their cue from the subjective attitudes of individual writers. A potentially more useful approach focuses instead on the logical relationship between scientific and religious statements. Such a strategy generates two main types: a compatibilist model concerned only to show that religious and scientific claims are mutually consistent and an integrationist model that posits a strong correlation between theological and scientific language. Investigation of the two models' strengths and weaknesses suggests that a compatibilist approach is more consistent with the way in which Christian language is deployed on the ground.     

Exploring Conflict Culture in the Family: Consistency and Continuity of Conflict During Family Meal Discourse

Conflict discourse in the context of everyday activities of families during mealtimes was examined with a view to determining consistency and continuity on two occasions one year apart. In particular, the use of authority, the part played by each member of the family, and the ways in which conflicts were terminated was addressed. Data derived from Jewish families was considered not only to enable comparisons to be made with data derived from the broader community, but to illuminate the issues pertinent to the exploration of conflict within the family. It was observed over a period of time that there was a continuity of conflict culture within each family. Additionally it was found that generally, family conflict interactions terminated in standoffs rather than resorting to full blown conflicts and the outcome was, on the whole, favourable to all parties, with conversations continuing to be pursued without further conflict. In some instances termination of the episode was through an external agent, rather than a family member. The key part that family members play in deflecting conflict, especially the part played by mothers and siblings was noted. The extension of existing conflict coding schema to account for different types of authority moves, so as to discriminate between authority based on status and that which invokes an idea of shared responsibility or a common code of conduct is recommended. A further extension of the coding schema to account for paralinguistic aspects of communication is suggested.     

Properties of Goal Systems: Consistency, Conflict, and Coherence

The paper provides a formal representation of goal systems. The focus is on three properties: consistency, conflict, and coherence. An aim is to attain conceptual clarity of these properties. It is argued that consistency is adequately regarded as a property relative to the decision situation or, more specifically, the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Moreover, as a condition of rationality, consistency is stronger than some writers have claimed. Conflict is adequately regarded as a relation over subsets of a given goal system and should likewise be regarded as relative to the set of alternatives that the agent faces. Coherence is given a probabilistic interpretation, based on a support relation over subsets of goal systems. Presented by Heinrich Wansing     

消费时代的医学人文价值：—兼谈医学中科学和人文的对话与冲突

针对消费时代医患关系的现状重提医学人文价值凸显的话题,将对诊断与治疗两个环节剖析了医学人文在医疗生活中的切入点,价值内涵与现实冲突。深入分析了医学人文旨归与科学建构之间的差异、冲突、并为医学人文走向医学、医疗、医院提供了一些有益的见解。     

Development of Ethics Education in Science and Technology in Technical Universities in China

Science and Engineering Ethics - In order to solve a series of problems brought about by rapid development of science and technology, it is necessary not only to conduct in-depth research on...