论先秦时期的死亡态度——以儒墨道法为例

人无论是在面对自己的即将死亡还是他人的死亡时,都会产生复杂的心理活动和情感表达,从而形成各自不同的死亡态度。先秦时期以儒、道、墨、法为代表的诸子各家在对待死亡上也都表现出了各自不同的情感态度,儒家是哀伤和理性,道家是顺化与旷达,墨家是轻生重死,法家是冷酷刻薄,他们的死亡态度对后世产生了重要影响。     

成就动机的测量与分析

成就动机是一个比较稳定的个性特征,是一种习得的、与特定情景有关的正向或负向的期望.成就动机的强弱能使人面临的学习任务或工作产生不同的情感反应,从而对其潜在的能力与知识经验的发挥、应用产生不同的作用.成就动机的测量对于深入了解被试的个性、需要、期望和对事情成败的认识态度,以及可能产生的行为后果;对培养、训练正确的认识和态度,提高学习和工作的效率;在教育中对教师采取适当的教学方法,都有现实意义.     

关于情感与态度的关系问题的探讨

一、问题的提出情感和态度是含义不同的两个概念,从心理学的角度来看,也是两种心理现象,两者并不存在什么关系问题。在心理学著作中,给情感下定义、描述情感的时候,多使用态度这一术语,这才把情感与态度联系起来了。在描述情感,给情感下定义的时候,几乎各家都把“态度”摆到举足轻重的“位置”上,反映出情感与态度有着极不寻常的关系。问题在于:情感与态度到底是什么样的关系,各家的看法很不一致。苏联心理学家     

理性广告和情感广告对消费者品牌态度的影响

理性诉求和情感诉求是两种基本的广告诉求形式,根据诉求重点的不同,广告可分为理性广告、情感广告和混合型广告。有关研究表明,和理性广告相比消费者更乐意接受情感广告,但是,消费者最关心的是产品特性的信息。精细加工可能性模型揭示了不同条件下消费者加工广告信息时所使用的不同策略。进一步的研究将揭示出不同的诉求形式对消费者的品牌态度产生影响的条件。     

中西情感方式比较——兼论制约当代中国情感方式的社会条件

情感是人对客观事物态度的一种反映,其本质是人对客观事物是否符合人的需要而产生的心态体验。不同特性的主体有着不同的情感需要,选择不同的情感对象和手段,从而形成不同的情感方式。不同的情感方式,直接影响着主体对客观现实的评价,影响着社会文化——心理结构的演变。当前中国经济体制和政治体制的改革,以及对外开放政策的实施,正     

从儒、道的封建礼教观说到鲁迅所谓的"食人民族"

鲁迅对于儒家封建礼教的态度与道家道教对于儒家封建礼教的态度,多多少少有互相一致的地方,即都是抱着批判的态度,其结论也都是认为儒家的封建礼教会导致"人吃人",只是时代背景不同,各自的立场和观点各有不同.     

恐惧管理理论的争议及其对死亡心理研究的启示

死亡心理是人类面临死亡及相关事件时所产生的认知、情感和行为意向的复杂心理状态。目前, 研究死亡心理较为全面和科学的理论是恐惧管理理论(Terror Management Theory, 简称TMT)。但该理论存在以下争议: (1)在死亡的基本认知方面, 恐惧管理理论呈现出不一致的研究结果, 如死亡是否与不确定性无关, 死亡是否导致恐惧情绪, 寻求个体生存是否为人类的核心议题; (2)在社会文化层面, 恐惧管理理论提出者的文化背景对待死亡的普遍态度是呈否认的, 但是跨文化的研究显示其他文化背景对待死亡的态度却呈现出接纳或蔑视; (3)在恐惧管理理论的研究结果方面, 呈现出较多的矛盾性, 表明研究中有重要的调节因子未被涉及。基于此, 死亡心理可能的研究方向拟从认知、行为和社会三个层面进行梳理。未来死亡心理研究需秉承科学与文化并重的原则, 并结合死亡心理的内容与过程, 关注群体面对死亡时的心理规律, 开展死亡心理影响下的身心健康干预研究。     

小学生写作态度与写作成绩关系研究

采用"小学生写作态度量表(自编)"与<小学生作文六项评定量表>,对小学生写作态度与写作成绩及其关系进行研究.结果表明,小学生写作态度的主要维度包括:认知、情感和意动;写作态度与写作成绩呈显著正相关,而情感因素是写作成绩的最重要的预测变量;在写作态度与成绩上存在性别、年级、写作水平的显著差异.     

中国人对死亡和濒死的态度

中国人对死亡和濒死的态度天津市安定医院（３０００７４）刘建勋不同的历史时期，由于人类社会文明进步的关系，人类对死亡和濒死的态度有所不同；不同的国家、地域、民族，由于其物质文明与精神文明发展的不同步，其人群对死亡和濒死的态度亦有所差异。从历史上看，人类...     

关于情感与态度问题之思考——兼与高炳奎同志商榷

1987年《心理学探新》第4期上,发表了高炳奎同志《关于情感与态度的关系问题的探讨》一文。该文对情感与态度的关系进行了深入的研究,也有许多新的、精辟的见解,确实是发人深思的。特别是长期普通心理学中很少专门论述态度问题,高同志把态度与情感联系起来进行分析,显然是一种有益的探索。拜读之后,我们有些不同的想法,拟陈述于下,供同志们讨论。     

Emotion,the bodily,and the cognitive

In both psychology and philosophy, cognitive theories of emotion have met with increasing opposition in recent years. However, this apparent controversy is not so much a gridlock between antithetical stances as a critical debate in which each side is being forced to qualify its position in order to accommodate the other side of the story. Here, I attempt to sort out some of the disagreements between cognitivism and its rivals, adjudicating some disputes while showing that others are merely superficial. Looking at evidence from neuroscience and social psychology, as well as thought experiments and theoretical arguments, I conclude that it is necessary to acknowledge both that emotions have intentional content and that they involve somatic agitation. I also point out some of the more promising directions for future research in this area.     

Copernicus,the orbs,and the equant

I argue that Copernicus accepted the reality of celestial spheres on the grounds that the equant problem is unintelligible except as a problem about real spheres. The same considerations point to a number of generally unnoticed liabilities of Copernican astronomy, especially gaps between the spheres, and the failure of some spheres to obey the principle that their natural motion is to rotate. These difficulties may be additional reasons for Copernicus's reluctance to publish, and also stand in the way of strict realism as applied to De Revolutionibus, although a realistic astronomy may be envisioned as a goal for Copernicus's research program.     

The psychiatrist,the counselor,and the school

Based on a general systems analysis model, the holistic approach to counseling spans every level and interaction effect from the gene to the interpersonal to the community and beyond. One of the major functions of the counselor in this approach is opening and maintaining communications among groups in the various school and community subsystems. The author of this article, a psychiatrist, stresses the use of the holistic approach in (a) the training and role of the psychiatrist, (b) the school and its subsystems, (c) the role of the guidance counselor, and (d) the interaction between the guidance counselor and the psychiatrist.     

Jungian Psychology, the Body, and the Future

Impressive reaffirmation of Jung's archetypal hypothesis has come from developments in behavioural biology (Tinbergen 1951; Cosmides 1985), psycholinguistics (Chomsky 1965), structural anthropology (Lévi-Strauss 1967), developmental psychology (Bowlby 1969), dream research (Jouvet 1975). neuroscience (MacLean 1976), sociobiology (Wilson 1978), and evolutionary psychiatry (Gardner 1988; Gilbert 1989). A close correspondence exists between Jungian theories of dreaming in human beings and modern biological theories of dreaming in animals. A paradigm shift is under way in the direction of a growing cross-disciplinary awareness that all human sciences are about archetypal manifestations and that these apply as much to the body as to the mind. Jungian psychology must keep abreast of these developments if it is not to be sidelined and superseded by less humane therapeutic philosophies.     

Homosexuality,the Halacha,and the helping professions

The position of Jewish writings on homosexuality is the topic of inquiry. Overt homosexuality, child homosexuality, and lesbianism are examined in the light of Jewish Halacha (law). Though Talmudic writings view homosexuality with severe disapproval, a sprrit of tolerance and compassion is also voiced in them. It is suggested here that Jewish law placed overt homosexuality in the category of illness to evoke compassion for it Halachic insights also suggest that homosexualities be viewed differentially. Activities involving minors and lesbians are not given equal weight in the realm of retribution. There are efforts to obviate social stigma. Prevention and rehabilitation are given major concern. To conclude the article, the role of the Jewish religious practitioner and his responsibilities vis-à-vis the homosexual client are given a brief examination.     

Jung,the Wilderness,and the Call of the Wild

The publication of The Red Book reiterates how deeply connected to nature Jung was and how this connection emerged through his encounter with the spirit of the depths. This article reviews some of Jung's writings in regard to nature and suggests that the energy related to the earth that Jung expresses in The Red Book was continued in his ongoing work on his tower at Bolllingen. The author also reviews his own search for a deeper connection to nature and an understanding of his own ancestry. Reviewing the emergence of the value of wilderness in North America and the call to reclaim the wild, he considers the life of Englishman Archie Belaney, who took on the identity of a Native American, Grey Owl, and became one of Canada's first leading environmentalists.