肿瘤免疫编辑理论与树突状细胞个体化治疗肿瘤策略的思考

利用树突状细胞瘤苗提高机体免疫系统对肿瘤的特异杀伤能力,已成为肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究热点。根据肿瘤免疫编辑理论,肿瘤免疫可分为清除、平衡和逃逸3个阶段。应用该理论阐述应用树突状细胞个体化治疗肿瘤的策略具有重要意义。     

肿瘤免疫编辑与免疫治疗

Schreiber等人于2002年提出肿瘤免疫编辑学说.肿瘤免疫编辑分为3个阶段:清除阶段、均衡阶段和逃逸阶段.肿瘤免疫编辑学说较全面的阐释了肿瘤与宿主免疫系统之间的复杂的相互作用.肿瘤免疫编辑学说对肿瘤免疫治疗具有一定的指导意义.依据肿瘤免疫治疗实践,提出了肿瘤免疫编辑和肿瘤免疫治疗的一些观点.     

肿瘤疫苗治疗肿瘤的前景

肿瘤疫苗的发展已经历了一个多世纪,20世纪50年代,人们开始了自体肿瘤疫苗的研究.使肿瘤疫苗(主动性免疫治疗)成为继手术、放疗、化疗之后的肿瘤治疗方法.肿瘤疫苗作为主动特异性免疫治疗,在临床中起到越来越重要的作用,人们开始尝试利用多种方法制备肿瘤疫苗并利用其促进机体免疫应答,从整体细胞,分子水平调控机体对肿瘤的免疫.目前肿瘤疫苗的研制已取得很大进展,给人类战胜肿瘤提供很大希望.     

肿瘤疫苗治疗肿瘤的前景

肿瘤疫苗的发展已经历了一个多世纪,20世纪50年代,人们开始了自体肿瘤疫苗的研究.使肿瘤疫苗(主动性免疫治疗)成为继手术、放疗、化疗之后的肿瘤治疗方法.肿瘤疫苗作为主动特异性免疫治疗,在临床中起到越来越重要的作用,人们开始尝试利用多种方法制备肿瘤疫苗并利用其促进机体免疫应答,从整体细胞,分子水平调控机体对肿瘤的免疫.目前肿瘤疫苗的研制已取得很大进展,给人类战胜肿瘤提供很大希望。     

肿瘤免疫治疗需要综合性

自从人们发现肿瘤与免疫有密切关系以来,对肿瘤免疫治疗寄予了厚望,然而,由于免疫机制、免疫途径的网络性和复杂性,免疫治疗未从根本上改变肿瘤治疗的现状,而仅仅是传统治疗手段的有益补充.     

调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫治疗

调节性T细胞在肿瘤免疫逃逸过程中起着举足轻重的作用.随着人们对肿瘤微环境的认识的加深及治疗思路的改变,调节性T细胞在肿瘤治疗方面的应用将会日趋成熟,为肿瘤的治疗提供了新的机遇,同时,如何平衡调节性T细胞正反两方面的作用,也将会对我们提出新的挑战.     

肿瘤免疫编辑与免疫治疗

Schreiber等人于2002年提出肿瘤免疫编辑学说。肿瘤免疫编辑分为3个阶段:清除阶段、均衡阶段和逃逸阶段。肿瘤免疫编辑学说较全面的阐释了肿瘤与宿主免疫系统之间的复杂的相互作用。肿瘤免疫编辑学说对肿瘤免疫治疗具有一定的指导意义。依据肿瘤免疫治疗实践,提出了肿瘤免疫编辑和肿瘤免疫治疗的一些观点。     

肿瘤干细胞研究的进展及启示

肿瘤干细胞理论认为,肿瘤增长是由肿瘤中具有干细胞特性的细胞分裂增殖引起的.针对性地抑制肿瘤干细胞的增殖,能显著提高肿瘤治愈率.本文用哲学的观点对肿瘤干细胞假说的提出、验证、临床应用进行分析,对于深入认识肿瘤干细胞的本质、探索其分离方法、发现抑制其增殖的有效手段将起到积极作用.     

从自然选择学说看肿瘤免疫

当今人类生存的环境发生了变化,肿瘤的发病率和病死率也越来越高,肿瘤细胞面对强大的免疫系统生存下来,说明肿瘤生存能力增强已经适应了其生存环境,这是环境对肿瘤细胞自然选择的结果。自然选择学说始终贯穿于肿瘤免疫学的免疫监视理论和免疫编辑学说之中,从自然选择的角度看肿瘤免疫学,将为肿瘤治疗策略开创一条新路。     

肿瘤抗原与肿瘤免疫

通过自身的免疫系统对肿瘤细胞进行杀灭已成为极具潜力的抗肿瘤手段。肿瘤抗原与机体对肿瘤细胞的免疫之间形成了一个此消彼长的矛盾关系,研究肿瘤研究自身的免疫学特性以及肿瘤细胞的免疫原性之间相互关系的问题已成为当前研究中的热点。一方面,可利用增强肿瘤细胞的抗原性来增强机体的免疫排斥反应;另一方面,纠正机体免疫系统的功能障碍,以增强其刺激免疫应答的能力,并辨证地分析了这两方面在肿瘤免疫排斥中的作用及相应的解决对策。     

居家管理在乳腺癌所致癌因性疲乏中的应用

探讨居家管理在乳腺癌所致癌因性疲乏的应用.选取2010年3月至2011年10月行乳腺癌术后化疗的60例患者并进行分组,比较两组出院时与出院1个月后患者对癌因性疲乏缓解的相关健康知识的掌握情况及Piper疲乏自测量表效果评分.结论为居家管理对乳腺癌所致癌因性疲乏的缓解有积极作用,提高患者的遵医行为.     

Cancer Worry,Perceived Risk and Cancer Screening in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Familial Gastric Cancer

Currently, there is a lack of evidence evaluating the psychological impact of cancer-related risk perception and worry in individuals at high risk for gastric cancer. We examined the relationships between perceived risk, cancer worry and screening behaviors among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with familial gastric cancer. FDRs of patients diagnosed with familial gastric cancer with a non-informative genetic analysis were identified and contacted. Participants completed a telephone interview that assessed socio-demographic information, cancer risk perception, cancer worry, impact of worry on daily functioning, and screening behaviors. Twenty-five FDRs completed the telephone interview. Participants reported high levels of comparative and absolute cancer risk perception, with an average perceived lifetime risk of 54 %. On the other hand, cancer-related worry scores were low, with a significant minority (12 %) experiencing high levels of worry. Study participants exhibited high levels of confidence (median = 70 %) in the effectiveness of screening at detecting a curable cancer. Participants that had undergone screening in the past showed significantly lower levels of cancer-related worry compared to those that had never undergone screening. In conclusion, individuals at high-risk for gastric cancer perceived a very high personal risk of cancer, but reported low levels of cancer worry. This paradoxical result may be attributed to participants’ high levels of confidence in the effectiveness of screening. These findings highlight the importance for clinicians to discuss realistic risk appraisals and expectations towards screening with unaffected members of families at risk for gastric cancer, in an effort to help mitigate anxiety and help with coping.     

Neuropsychological Sequelae of Non-Central Nervous System Cancer and Cancer Therapy

Cancer patients report numerous adverse symptoms associated with their disease and treatment including cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and affective distress. Cognitive dysfunction is ubiquitous in patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer and recent evidence has documented similar deficits in patients with non-CNS cancer as well. Both the cancer itself and treatments including chemotherapy, biological response modifiers, and hormonal therapies have been demonstrated to adversely impact cognitive and neurobehavioral function. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological investigations have likewise revealed alterations in brain function that are helping to account for the nature of these cognitive disorders. Similarly, preclinical animal research is assisting to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie treatment-related neurotoxicities. The coalescence of multidisciplinary clinical and research efforts hold promise for the development of interventions that may offer neuroprotection in addition to currently available symptomatic therapies and cognitive rehabilitation techniques.     

Cancer and suicide

Mortality rates from suicide and cancer in 1990 in 37 European nations were positively associated.     

浅谈饮食与癌

不同国家不同地区在癌症发病率的差异很可能与不同国家、不同地区人民的饮食习惯有着密切的关系 ,某些食物中含有潜在致癌物 ,而某些食物的成份又有助于预防癌的发生。目前媒介也把主要注意力放在食物与癌的关系上。研究表明 ,因癌症死亡的人中有 35%是饮食方面的原因 ,但食物致癌的论点又常常引起争论。ｌ　吸烟与癌1.ｌ　吸烟造成的癌死亡率占全部癌症死亡率的30 % :吸烟是人类患癌的主要原因 ,吸烟与肺癌发病有直接关系 ,80 %的肺癌是吸烟所致[1] 。由于肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤 ,占全部癌病死亡率的 2 0 %以上[1] 。吸烟还与其它几种癌的…     

Testicular Cancer and Genetics Knowledge Among Familial Testicular Cancer Family Members

Purpose  

It was our aim to determine baseline levels of testicular cancer and genetics knowledge among members of families with Familial Testicular Cancer (FTC).     

Cognitive Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy in Adult Cancer Survivors: Cognitive-Behavioral Management

Problems of memory and attention following cancer chemotherapies have gained increasing research attention in the last 2 decades. The President’s Cancer Panel and the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship formally recognized the problem as a quality of life matter in the 1990s (Ferrell and Hassey in Oncology 11:565–576, 1997; President’s Cancer Panel in Cancer Care Issues in the United States: Quality of Care, Quality of Life, National Cancer Program, National Cancer Institute, 1999). In combination with an aging population, advances in biomedical technologies for detection and treatment of life-threatening cancers, more people than ever are living with cancer or have been diagnosed and treated for cancer. An estimated 10-million individuals living in the U.S. are considered to be in “cancer survivorship” (Institute of Medicine 2005). Given the potential large scope of the problem of cognitive effects of cancer chemotherapies, there is a strong demand to address this survivorship matter and develop methods to optimally manage it. This article will summarize the current knowledge of chemotherapy-related cognitive change and describe a developing cognitive-behavioral treatment that is being studied to aid survivors with chemotherapy-related cognitive problems.     

Religiosity and Cancer Screening

Churches have been suggested as avenues to reach African-American populations with messages about health because of their strong participation in church activities. Membership in several religious denominations has been associated with healthy lifestyle practices that are associated with lower cancer-incidence rates and better coping strategies among cancer patients. Among African-American women, however, belief in God as their doctor might preempt seeking treatment for cancer. The goal of the present study was to examine the influence of church participation and religious beliefs on the utilization of breast and cervical cancer screening among low-income, predominantly African-American women. A cohort consisting of 290 women was surveyed at baseline and one year later to determine the association between screening rates in the past year and measures of religiosity. The majority of women were members of a church (88%), with fairly regular church attendance (51% reported weekly attendance), and strong beliefs regarding God's influence on their health (e.g. 88% agreed that God was their doctor). Church attendance was the only religious variable related to screening frequency in univariate analyses, with those reporting attending church 1–3 times per month more likely to receive mammography screening (p = .013). Churches can provide avenues to reach African-American women about cancer screening; strong religious beliefs do not, however, appear to keep women from receiving regular screening exams.     

The Familial Cancer Program of the Vermont Cancer Center: Development of a Cancer Genetics Program in a Rural Area

In response to many scientific discoveries linking cancer in certain families to inherited factors, the Vermont Cancer Center established the Familial Cancer Program (FCP) in December 1993. This multifaceted program combines the expertise of clinicians and researchers in many disciplines, including genetics, oncology, psychology, and molecular biology. The program's goals are identification of families in its region with excess cancer, provision of clinical services to such families, and use of research protocols when available and appropriate. This article describes the experience of setting up a familial cancer program in a rural area and discusses both successes and challenges in such an endeavor.