我国大学生的成就归因与教育问题初探

归因理论重视社会对人的影响,认为如果忽视社会的影响,对人类行为的预测就不可能。同时,归因理论的研究已发现了个体行为的前因和原因对个体情感和行为的影响规律。这就使得从个人的归因(原因推理)预测其情感和行为,以及从人的情感和行为反推人的归因成为可能。然而,这些理论和规律是否适用于我国大学生,却是一个值得深入研究的问题。本研究的目的是初步探讨韦纳归因理论的主要内容对我国大学生成就归因和教育工作的适用性,以便为进一步的研究奠立必要的基础。     

555例危险行为高危青少年的心理干预：来自个体辅导和团体辅导的效果对照

对有较高风险发展为危险行为青少年的高危群体实施有针对性的心理干预是非常有价值的。本研究对青少年危险行为高危人群进行结构化的个体与团体心理干预,评估两种干预的即时效果和六个月的预后情况。采用《青少年健康相关危险行为问卷》等量表对16所中职院校的学生进行筛查,共555名学生参加本研究,被随机分为个体、团体和对照组并分别进行干预。结果发现：干预后,个体心理干预组被试的危险行为水平、心理健康以及抑郁和焦虑情绪均获得显著改善,并且6个月的预后效果依然明显,而接受团体辅导干预组仅在抑郁指标上有所改善,在危险行为评分、焦虑和心理健康水平上均没有明显的改善。研究认为,对危险行为易感青少年的心理干预应以经过良好设计的个体心理干预为主、团体干预为辅的方式进行。     

群体认同与个体心理健康的关系:调节变量与作用机制

近年来,群体认同与个体心理健康的关系得到了研究者的关注。本研究通过对相关文献的梳理与归纳发现:民族、国家、学校、家庭等不同种类群体的认同,群体认同数量与个体心理健康的关系显著;群体认同与个体心理健康之间的关系受群体认同动机和个体对群体评价的调节,并依赖于自尊、社会支持、控制知觉、归因方式等因素的中介;未来应利用多种方法继续研究群体认同与个体心理健康关系的调节变量与作用机制。     

归因方式和幸福感在心理治疗中的作用

近年来,心理治疗领域更加关注个体积极情感的体验,幸福感的提升和适应性归因方式的建立是其重要的研究角度之一.综述了归因方式和幸福感在心理治疗中的研究进展和心理治疗转变个体归因方式和幸福感的作用机制,并探讨了个体归因方式与幸福感之间存在的联系.这将为心理治疗提供一种新的治疗参考.     

归因方式和幸福感在心理治疗中的作用

近年来,心理治疗领域更加关注个体积极情感的体验,幸福感的提升和适应性归因方式的建立是其重要的研究角度之一。综述了归因方式和幸福感在心理治疗中的研究进展和心理治疗转变个体归因方式和幸福感的作用机制,并探讨了个体归因方式与幸福感之间存在的联系。这将为心理治疗提供一种新的治疗参考。     

大学生学业成败归因特点及其与心理健康的相关研究

本研究分析了大学生学业成败归因与心理健康的关系,为提高大学生心理健康水平提供指导。采用多维—多向归因量表(MMCS)和SCL-90心理健康量表。结果表明:①大学生学业成败归因有性别差异和年级差异、无独生子女和非独生子女间的差异;②大学生学业成败归因与其心理健康有线性相关关系。     

归因双重过程模型研究

目的:探讨在中国文化背景下,个体的归因过程是否一个双重过程,包括内隐归因和外显归因。方法:本研究同时采用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验(IAT),对归因的过程进行了探讨。结果:(1)归因是一个双重过程模型,包括内隐归因和外显归因;(2)个体的归因偏差受个体内隐归因影响;(3)归因的双重过程模型不受性别及经验因素影响。结论:归因是一个双重的过程。     

当前儿童交往归因研究的特点

交往归因是影响儿童交往的重要认知因素。近来．随着认知研究的深入．交往归因日趋成为交往机制研究的重要课题。从已有资料看来,儿童交往归因研究具有如下几个特点：多元视角研究的进行;研究方法力求科学化;改善交往归因不良状况的归因训练开始受到重视等。     

消极刻板印象对老年人医疗决策的影响及归因偏差的作用

随着年龄的增长, 对老年人的消极刻板印象和医疗决策逐渐成为了与老年群体越来越相关的两个概念。在此背景下, 很有必要系统地探讨消极刻板印象对老年人医疗决策的效应及其机制。本研究以158名老年人为被试, 通过两个实验考察了消极刻板印象、归因偏差和老年人医疗决策质量间的关系。实验1结果发现, 消极刻板印象负向影响老年人的医疗决策质量, 同时, 归因偏差在刻板印象对老年人医疗决策质量的效应中起到中介作用。实验2结果表明, 减少归因偏差的干预控制可以有效降低刻板印象对医疗决策质量的消极效应。本研究对理解刻板印象效应机制、缓解刻板印象消极效应、以及改善老年人医疗决策质量具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。     

文化震荡及其对个体心理健康的影响

当前我国正在经历的急剧社会文化变迁对众多个体心理产生了强烈冲击,形成了文化震荡,并在不同程度上影响了其心理健康。研究表明,由于不同个体的经历和应付方式不同,其对文化震荡的承受能力也不同。因此,深入研究文化震荡的形成及其对不同个体的影响,充分挖掘各种文化有益于维护个体心理健康的宝贵遗产,建立个体心理健康防卫、救护机制和社会安定预警机制,是一项刻不容缓的紧迫任务。     

基于网络干预的心理健康素养提升有效性研究

研究旨在探索中国文化背景下心理健康素养干预的有效性,以及心理健康素养的提升对专业心理求助意愿、心理健康和幸福感的影响。研究采用实验组对照组前后测设计。结果表明:1.基于网络教育的干预方法能够有效提升心理健康素养,进而促进专业心理求助意愿,改善心理健康状况。但是对大学生的幸福感没有产生明显影响; 2.心理健康素养可以通过专业心理求助意愿分别影响心理健康状况和幸福感,且专业求助意愿和心理健康在心理健康素养和幸福感之间起着完全链式中介作用。总的来说,心理健康素养的有效提升不仅可以改善专业心理求助意愿,提高人们的心理健康水平,还可能增添生活幸福感。     

The influence of psychological flexibility on work redesign: mediated moderation of a work reorganization intervention

This quasi-experiment tested the extent to which an individual characteristic, psychological flexibility, moderated the effects of a control-enhancing work reorganization intervention in a call center. Results indicated that, compared with a control group, this intervention produced improvements in mental health and absence rates, particularly for individuals with higher levels of psychological flexibility. Findings also showed that these moderated intervention effects were mediated by job control. Specifically, the intervention enhanced perceptions of job control, and hence its outcomes, for the people who received it, especially for those who had greater psychological flexibility. Discussion highlights the benefits of understanding the processes (e.g., mediators, moderators, and mediated moderators) involved in work reorganization interventions.     

Effect of brief mindfulness and relaxation inductions on anxiety,affect and brain activation in athletes

The mindfulness-based intervention and psychological skills training are often used for maintaining the mental health or reducing undesirable mental states in athletes. However, their differences in acute effects on mental health and underlying neural mechanism are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the differential effects of brief mindfulness induction (MI) and relaxation induction (RI) on state anxiety, affect and brain activation. Thirty-five track and field athletes were recruited for this study. Using a within-subjects crossover design, participants underwent three conditions that incorporated two 30-min experimental conditions (i.e., MI or RI) and a control condition. State anxiety and affect were assessed before and after intervention, and brain activation (i.e., theta, alpha bands) were recorded by electroencephalography (EEG) during each 30-min condition. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that MI and RI similarly reduced state anxiety and negative affect from pre-test to post-test compared to the control condition. In terms of positive affect, there were no significant differences among the three conditions across times. Furthermore, participants exhibited higher frontal theta power during the MI and RI than control condition, whereas no differences in alpha power were observed among conditions. The current study provides initial evidence from an electrophysiological perspective that brief MI and RI both improve the negative psychological states in individual sport athletes through similar neural mechanisms. Nevertheless, the moderating effects of training experiences and long-term interventions on mental state and EEG activity in athletes need further investigation in future studies.     

Unemployment and mental health: A neglected relationship

This paper reviews aspects of the existing theoretical and data base relating to unemployment and mental health. The literature indicates that job loss has predictable effects on individual sense of well-being and, further, that the effects differ in particular populations related to variables such as age, gender, and occupational background. The literature also suggests that early intervention after unemployment is likely to be important in ameliorating the undesirable effects on psychological well-being. Finally, the paper chastises mental health policymakers, especially in the United States, for their failure to devote resources to encourage investigations into mental health implications for workers and the unemployed.     

贫困对儿童心理健康的影响及其内在机制

儿童贫困问题是世界范围内的一个重大公共卫生问题。近几十年来,国内外的研究发现贫困对儿童的消极心理健康状态和积极心理健康状态均会产生影响。研究者试图从家庭和社会两个层面来解释贫困对儿童心理健康的影响,以揭示其内在影响机制。未来的研究应加强贫困儿童心理健康发展过程中的保护因素研究,探索儿童期贫困对个体心理健康的长期影响及其成因,进一步在我国社会文化背景下开展本土化研究,为实践上的预防和干预提供帮助。     

诠释与转换：积极心理健康及其当代理解

积极心理健康是积极心理学理论系统的一个重要组成部分,也是积极心理学理论本身在心理健康领域的一种应用。积极心理健康以积极为核心观念,以人的积极品质为研究对象,注重人的个体差异的研究思路,引领和推动传统心理健康从关注人的消极品质转向人的积极潜力,从而使心理健康的主题既符合时代潮流又具有深厚的思想底蕴。     

The impact of living in a bio-secure bubble on mental health: An examination in elite cricket

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on many people’s lives, including the use of bio-secure environments to facilitate the continuation of professional sport. Although it is well documented that the pandemic has negatively impacted mental health, the impact of bio-bubbles on mental health is yet to be investigated. In the present study we sought to identify the impact of bio-bubbles on the mental health of those residing within, and then to explore the underlying mechanism of any such impact. Individuals (n = 68) who resided in England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) created bio-bubbles between March 2020 and April 2021 provided data, regarding their time inside and outside of bio-bubbles, on measures of mental health and basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Analysis revealed that bio-bubbles increased anxiety and depression and reduced wellbeing. Additionally, MEMORE mediation analyses revealed that autonomy frustration mediated the relationship between bubble status and all mental health markers. Furthermore, compared to men, women were more likely to experience elevated levels of anxiety and depression inside the bubble. The findings suggest that bio-bubbles negatively impact mental health and further suggest that satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs is a contributing factor. Findings suggest organizations tasked with creating bio-bubbles would do well to tailor their environment with an awareness of the importance of basic psychological needs and sex differences in relation to mental health. To the best of our knowledge, this research represents the first investigation of the impact of bio-bubbles on mental health.     

老年人的消极交往与心理健康

积极交往和消极交往分别会对老年人的心理健康产生有利和不利影响, 然而, 探讨消极交往的负面作用及其机制的研究相对较少。目前研究主要涉及消极交往的类型(社会隔离、丧偶或离婚)、来源(配偶、子女或朋友)及强度, 并探讨感知评估、自尊的中介作用及性别、婚姻、受教育水平等变量的调节作用。社会情感选择理论、优劣势整合理论、社会交换理论及镜中我理论在一定范围内对消极交往的负面作用做出了合理解释。采取“原谅”或“认知疏远”的应对策略能有效缓解消极交往的负面影响。未来研究应进一步考察不同文化背景及社会网络背景下消极交往对老年人心理健康的影响, 同时加强对消极交往的理论研究和线上研究, 并关注相关的干预研究。