“即用以求体，致和以致中”——刘蕺山对阳明工夫论的评述

刘蕺山认为,阳明“致良知”不在“未发之中”上用功,却专在念起念灭处着力,是将工夫落在“致和”上,不仅将“良知看得粗了”,也可能会导致工夫“落后一着”。故而,他试图对此“致和以致中”的工夫论进行修正,主张“谨凛于一念未起之先”,体现出自身的学术倾向。蕺山如此评述是否恰当?本文拟从蕺山对阳明工夫论的批评、阳明工夫论的固有逻辑、蕺山评述背后的价值取向,这三个方面来对此问题做出辨析。     

试论春日潜庵对蕺山思想的接受北大核心

18、19世纪,随着阳明学风行日本,蕺山之学在日本也得到广泛传播,被幕末明治时期的日本文人所认识接受。江户后期的下层贵族春日潜庵是较早推崇蕺山的阳明学者,他接受了蕺山的慎独说,较为深入地理解“独体”之内涵。其次,他对蕺山“意”的阐发也有较为深刻的认识。尤其是认同“意为心之所存”而非“心之所发”,要在心之所存的“意”根处用功。并且,春日潜庵能够区分意念之别,重视刘蕺山“念”的内涵。在现实政治活动中,春日潜庵深受刘蕺山晚年绝食殉国的节义行为影响,在日用慎独之功、时刻内省的同时积极参加幕末政治改革运动,推动了日本幕末到近代时局的变化。     

从良知之辨看蕺山之学的义理建构

蕺山论学,规模宏阔,体广而义深。其义理阐释最终落归于《大学》“诚意修身之学”之建立。诚意之学,不仅涵盖了原先“知止说”的格局,而且在《大学》诠释史上别开“诚意为主”一系,从而更深入地诠释了《大学》义理思想,自立于阳明学和朱子学之外,全面确立了蕺山学作为心性合宗体系的理论建构。宗周基于《大学》的义理系统,对阳明的良知说展开了不遗余力的辩驳。其辩难核心是阳明良知“知善知恶”之知。蕺山学的基本特质,既不在于理论的雄辩,也不在规模的宏大,而在于经典文献阐释的精到。蕺山学之所以能够在宋明儒学的庞大阵营中占有一席,很大程度上得力于宗周的文献阐释能力。正是透过精致的文献阐释,宗周无处不展现其教化关怀和治道理想。刘宗周是继朱熹之后,能够从经典文献的精到阐释中,重新建构儒学体系的第一人,不愧为宋明理学的“殿军”。     

解读《人谱》:圣贤人格的证成

刘宗周(1578—1645年),字起东,号念台,因讲学于浙东山阴县城北的蕺山,学者尊其为蕺山先生。作为晚明心学的殿军,蕺山的思想宗旨是在心学旧基上重新架设一个刚刻严毅的人学价值体系,藉此矫正阳明后学过于强调“良知现成”而轻忽理性限制和实修工夫之理论偏颇。在工夫论上,蕺山早年言主静,中年言慎独,晚年归本于诚意,其间对工夫论的体认与实践层层递进,步步归密。在晚年主讲证人书院期间,著《人谱》,极言实修实证的“证人”工夫,以证成圣贤人格。如今市场经济时代,物欲泛滥、道德价值疲软、理想人格缺席,此时重温《人谱》,如能批判继承,仍不乏…     

程朱王刘之辨:黄宗羲对蕺山之学的阐释及其问题

程朱王刘之辨是明末清初学人论学的一大节目,黄宗羲作为心学主将之一,也参与其中。宗羲程朱王刘之辨的最大特点,在于他以阐发蕺山之学为主要目的:会通王刘,借阳明学以申师说;贬抑程朱,又借朱子之语以封攻诋蕺山、阳明者之口舌。黄宗羲此论,虽在借古人之说以申己义,却也遮蔽了其师的甘泉渊源,使蕺山晚年对理学和心学、甘泉学与阳明学的综合,折入阳明心学一途。     

《蕺山学派与明清学术转型》

<正>《蕺山学派与明清学术转型》一书,收录于朱汉民主编的"岳麓书院国学文库"第一辑,为作者的博士论文的修订版,曾获得湖南省优秀博士学位论文等奖项。本书共六章,第一章从生死、出处两大主题出发来讨论明清鼎革之际的刘门师弟子的学术与人生的关系;第二章从学术谱系、交游以及学术异同两方面阐明刘宗周蕺山学的建构,并从蕺山学的统合性、《人谱》与证人改过之学等方面来梳理蕺山学与蕺山学派的形成;第三、四、五章分别从张履祥与尊朱辟王思潮的兴起、陈确与形上玄远之学的没落、黄宗羲与蕺山学的继往开来三大方面来分析蕺山学派的分化;第六章以全祖望对蕺山学的承继与对蕺山学派的表彰作为讨论蕺山学派的终点。     

中晚明阳明学的格物之辩

对《大学》中“格物”观念的不同理解与诠释,可以反映朱子学与阳明学这理学传统两大典范的基本差异。但中晚明阳明学“格物”观念的发展却呈现出较为复杂的面貌。由中晚明不同阳明学者的格物之辩可见,中晚明阳明学的“格物”观表现为两种不同的取向。一种以聂双江、王宗沐、王艮以及刘蕺山等人为代表,将“格物”完全收缩到自我意识的领域,不免取消了“格物”这一经典用语本身所具有的面对客观事物的致思方向。另一种以王龙溪、周海门、欧阳南野、王塘南等人为代表,通过将“物”理解为意向性中的对象或者作为各种实际生活行为的“事”,使“格物”工夫不再是一种单纯自我意识的孤立活动,而是展开于自我与外界事物的关系结构与互动过程。在后者看来,如果说朱子学的“格物”“忘内求外”而不免“逐物”的话,前者则又“务内遗外”而不免“绝物”。作为一种既不“逐物”又不“绝物”的“合内外”工夫,后者其实是阳明晚年成熟“格物”思想的继承和发扬,反映了阳明学在与朱子学互动过程中由反对到吸收的动向。并且,这一动向在中晚明一些朱子学者的“格物”观处也有鲜明的体现。     

《慎独与诚意——刘蕺山哲学思想研究》

正三联书店,2016年,44万字。本书指出,从宋代到明代,理学存在一个从二元论到一元论转化的倾向。刘蕺山站在心学的立场上,广泛吸收理学、气学的资源,创造了一个以慎独、诚意为核心的心学体系,对宋明理学以来的诸多二元性概念给予了一元性的解决,对阳明后学流弊进行了修正。     

道德理性本体的重建──蕺山哲学论纲

刘宗周（１５７８－１６４５）,字起东,号念台,浙江山阴人。因讲学子山阴城北之蕺山,自称蕺山长,学者尊其为蕺山先生。作为理学名臣,蕺山一生尚忠直,严操守,重气节,“从严毅清苦中发为光风霁月”。（《子刘子行状》,《刘子全书》卷三十九。下引此书只注篇名及《全书》卷次）蕺山生当朱学式微、王学异变的晚明之季,以重建德性本体,复兴孔孟道统为职志。其学以理气生生为形上依托,以心性圆融为内圣根据,以慎独诚意为证人工夫。心、理冥合为一,性、天上下贯通,以本体提领工夫,以工夫实证本体,其学术性格既不同于朱子,也有别…     

刘蕺山对王阳明“无善无恶”思想的发展

心学发展到明代晚期已产生诸多流弊,致良知的实践工夫不能落实到实处。刘蕺山批评王阳明"四句教"与王畿"四无说",并提出自己的"四句教",强调心体只是个"有善而无恶"。然而在其晚年重要著作《人谱》中却明确地提出并详细地阐发了心体"无善无恶"的思想,作为其心性理论的基础,此与阳明"四句教"之首句"无善无恶心之体"之提法无异。故本文从"无善无恶"之本体、工夫与境界的层面来解析蕺山对于阳明"无善无恶"思想的发展。蕺山学说在思想史上做出了承先启后的重大贡献,对明清实学的产生有重要的影响。     

梁漱溟的"人类心理学"及其理论意义

通过对以华生、郭任远为代表的行为主义心理学在研究对象和研究方法观点上的批判,梁漱溟建立了自己的一套理论体系－－“人类心理学”。它是儒家心性论的“现代版”,同时又是一种人性论。该理论体系产生于二十世纪二十年代,在心理学史和伦理学史上都具有重要的理论意义。     

中西形而上学的异通发微

中国传统哲学属于境界形态的形而上学 ,它与西方的自亚里士多德以来的实体形态的形而上学不同。亚氏的形而上学是由对是的逻辑分析开始的 ,即由对逻辑命题的分析而寻找不变的实体存在。亚氏的思维方式对西方文化产生了深远的影响。中国传统哲学则不然 ,它是由“省身”、“尽心、知性、知天”、“思诚”、“静观”、“玄览”、觉悟而去认识世界的本体 ,这种形而上学固然是境界形态的。至于现代 ,西方哲学出现了转向 ,存在主义者海德格尔对存在 (是 )作了新的诠释 ,海氏的诠释在某种意义上与中国传统哲学有契合之处 ,这从一个侧面说明了中国传统哲学所潜含的现代意义。     

试论《周易》与《论语》中的语、默观

默包含着言与不言两个方面,具有本体的意义.作为本体的"默",是在"言"的发用中显现的.当发用兼顾到"诚"与"时"两种因素时,本体自然就呈现了.但对还没有达到本体高度的人而言,在追求完善的过程中,比较稳妥的选择应当是"慎言",也就是从尽量不言做起.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Yang, Guorong A Contemplation of the Philosophy of the Heart and Mind: An Exposition of Wang Yangming's Philosophy
Lopez, Donald S., Jr. Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sutra
Chen, Wangheng The History of Chinese Ancient Aesthetics     

GENES, MIND AND CULTURE

Abstract. The 1981 book Genes, Mind and Culture by Edward O. Wilson and Charles J. Lumsden attempts to offer a comprehensive theory of the linkage between biological and cultural evolution. In the following 21 May 1982 radio broadcast, produced by Julian Brown under the auspices of the British Broadcasting Corporation, Wilson is joined by a philosopher, a geneticist, and a religion scholar in a discussion of "gene culture co-evolution" and of other issues raised by sociobiology. The discussion is introduced and chaired by the editor of Nature , John Maddox.     

Synchronicity and the meaning-making psyche

This paper contrasts Jung's account of synchronicity as evidence of an objective principle of meaning in Nature with a view that emphasizes human meaning-making. All synchronicities generate indicative signs but only where this becomes a 'living symbol' of a transcendent intentionality at work in a living universe does synchronicity generate the kind of symbolic meaning that led Jung to posit the existence of a Universal Mind. This is regarded as a form of personal, experiential knowledge belonging to the 'imaginal world of meaning' characteristic of the 'primordial mind', as opposed to the 'rational world of knowledge' in which Jung attempted to present his experiences as if they were empirically and publicly verifiable. Whereas rational knowledge depends on a form of meaning in which causal chains and logical links are paramount, imaginal meaning is generated by forms of congruent correspondence-a feature that synchronicity shares with metaphor and symbol-and the creation of narratives by means of retroactive organization of its constituent elements.     

Holism, Strawberries and Hairdryers

The paper "Does Epistemological Holism lead to Meaning – Holism" (Cozzo, 2002) touches one of the main problems of a molecularist theory of meaning: how to restrict the class of inferences connected with a word, in order to define the sense of the word. I will discuss the starting point of this approach, mainly the pre-theoretical criterion against meaning holism: meaning holism, following a well-known argument by Dummett, reduces communication to a mystery. However there is a strong background assumption of this argument: communication is sharing the same meanings. Accepting this assumption without acknowledging it makes the entire proposal more problematic than it appears at first sight. In what follows I will try to clarify the possibility of a different reaction to meaning holism, putting forward some distinctions which come to light when the above stated assumption is made explicit. Then, some other comments will follow on the difficulty of avoiding extreme meaning holism, even within Cozzo's elegant attempt to implement a molecularist vision; in the end, his notion of the sense of a word will appear to be difficult to define, if these holistic aspects of language take the space they deserve even in his theory. I conclude with two remarks regarding two relevant requirements for a theory of meaning (conservativeness and harmony). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Getting over "the problem of other minds": communication in context

Theories of communication often assume that communication has a single, essential form or telos, the culmination of a one-track developmental process where precursors eventually give rise to the real thing. At one time, this essence of communication was identified with linguistic competence, whereas now it is largely defined in terms of "Theory of Mind." But the fundamental problem with "Theory of Mind" is the very problem it pretends to solve: "the problem of other minds."That problem, as formulated, is insoluble, even with the aid of theory or innate modules. In this article, we reject the superficial depth psychology of "Theory of Mind" in favour of a breadth psychology based on context.     

中医临床心理学理论的文化特质与跨文化比较

从文化比较的角度,阐述了中医形与神俱论与西方心身医学、五脏藏神说与情绪生理心理学、精神内守法与西方精神分析及生物反馈技术的区别与联系,指出了中医心身相关理论与技术的文化特质及其蕴涵的现代科学意义。     

庄子"天地大美"思想的现代阐释

在知识学、美学、伦理学分科的学术背景下解读庄子思想,庄子以“道”为指归,批判现实人生中的知识、伦理因素,追求与“道”相融通的境界,向自身、向固有存在结构复归,具有美学内涵。“天地大美”作为其唯一肯定的通达于“道”的中介,在于使世界以其本来面目自然呈现,具有“美”的本体意义,成为体现庄子思想美学内涵的核心范畴。