团体心理辅导对大学生人际交往影响的长期效果的研究

以团体心理辅导技术对34名大学生进行为期6周的团体心理辅导,并于9个月后对辅导的效果进行再评估.结果表明:团体心理辅导对大学生人际交往问题的干预有效;实验组的干预对大学生人际交往影响不仅有即时提高与改善效应,还有潜在的长期效应;因为交往各变量的复杂性,在团体辅导后各变量的具体变化趋势又略有不同.     

A Model for Communication Skills Group Using Structured Exercises and Audiovisual Equipment

Long-term psychiatric patients who are transitioning out of the hospital often lack the social skills necessary to adapt to work and leisure situations. The behaviors that are appropriate in a hospital environment are radically different from behaviors expected in the community. This paper describes a short-term, 12-session, audio-visual group developed for an inpatient psychiatric population. The group's purpose is to provide a laboratory for members to look at their interactional styles and to develop improved social skills. Focused feedback and videotaped exercises allow group members to do this within a supportive atmosphere. The tasks introduced are designed to coincide with the developmental states of the short-term group. As the sessions proceeded, we utilized sequential exercises that would help members to feel safe, to problem solve as a group, and to practice communication skills.     

The Confluence of Technology and Narrative Approaches in Group Work

Abstract

This article illustrates procedures for using e-journals as a creative and adjunctive approach in group work. Incorporating e-mail based journaling as an ancillary form of group interaction allows members to communicate via written channels, and creates new ways for clients to relate in the group. This article outlines how leaders can use narrative theory to construct e-mail based writing exercises in group settings. Borrowing from established narrative techniques, specific interventions are provided for using interactive e-mails in each group stage. Finally, detailed instructions for establishing encrypted and confidential e-mail communications are provided, and implications and limitations for establishing e-mail based communication systems are overviewed.     

Exercises in Marital Listening and Conversing

ABSTRACT

This brief article shares a few simple interventions for use with couples who are having trouble in the areas of listening or conversing. Easy to implement, the exercises are expandable to other populations with problematic communication behaviors in the two previously mentioned areas. These exercises use external monitoring processes to assist clients in problem awareness and positive change.     

interview practice u.s. style: a workshop for international students

The author describes a practice interview workshop customized for international graduate students. The session covered cultural and communication dynamics in the interview process, practice exercises, and a question‐and‐answer period.     

Acceptance versus distraction: brief instructions, metaphors and exercises in increasing tolerance for self-delivered electric shocks

The current study compared the effects of an acceptance versus distraction rationale on coping with experimentally induced pain. Eighty participants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: Full-Acceptance, Full-Distraction, Instruction-only-Acceptance, Instruction-only-Distraction and No-Instructions. Participants completed a simple matching task and were intermittently given the choice either to receive an electric shock and continue, or to avoid the shock and terminate the task. Only the Full-Acceptance strategy (that included experiential exercises and a metaphor) had a significant effect on task tolerance as measured by an increase in the number of shocks delivered post-intervention relative to baseline. In addition, the participants in both of the acceptance conditions showed lower levels of believability in that they were more likely to continue with the task even when reporting more pain. The results support the prediction that acceptance-based interventions work by undermining the behavioural-control functions of pain-related thoughts and feelings, and call for a systematic analysis of how metaphors and exercises work in analogue research.     

Brief consultation with headache sufferers

Abstract

This paper describes the author's efforts at involving chronic headache sufferers in brief consultations with individual, family, and group therapy programs in an inpatient medical treatment facility. A variety of difficult issues facing chronic headache sufferers are presented, including the rationale for utilizing each therapeutic modality and the role and strategies that the therapist undertakes in each program. The author provides some case vignettes and discusses the importance of communication between the therapist, the primary physician, and the medical staff members.     

MASTER/SLAVE: Interprocessor communications between PDP-8s

This paper describes an inexpensive, powerful, and easily learned interprocessor communication system for PDP-8 computers. When executed, the master machine exercises control over the slave using commands similar to DEC’s OS/8 copy program, FOTP.     

品管圈对卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能锻炼的效果观察

探讨品管圈活动在卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能锻炼中的应用效果。将66例患者随机分为对照组（常规锻炼组）和试验组（品管圈组）,分别行不同模式的功能锻炼。采用康复护理日常生活活动（RNADL）量表分别对其日常生活活动能力（ADL）进行评定。试验组自理能力高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,且其依从性与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。品管圈有助于提高卒中偏瘫患者功能锻炼的依从性。     

Effects of compliance monitoring of vocal function exercises on voice outcome measures for normal voice

This experimental study examined the efficacy of the vocal function exercise program in improving voice production in individuals with normal voices. 20 young women (M age = 22 yr.) with normal voices, 10 in the Monitored compliance group and 10 in the Unmonitored compliance group, received training in performing vocal function exercises followed by daily practice of the exercises for 28 consecutive days. Participants in the Monitored compliance group were required to submit audio or video recordings of their daily practice of vocal function exercises, and those in the Unmonitored compliance group were not required to record their daily practice sessions. Results indicated that while the participants in both groups significantly increased maximum phonation times and maximum phonational frequency ranges, those in the Monitored group improved significantly more than the participants in the Unmonitored group on these outcome measures.     

Peer counseling in an urban high school setting

Peer counseling, an educational strategy in which students counsel and help facilitate the growth and development of other students, was implemented in an urban high school. Auniors and seniors, selected for their high leadership and character traits, participated in the 32-session training program. The training program focused on five areas: team building and the development of group cohesion; development of understanding and awareness of self and others; development of more effective communication skills; development of effective feedback procedures; and development of leadership, problem solving, and intervention skills. Lectures, task exercises, simulated problem situations, role-playing group discussions, expressive and creative activities, and audio-visual aids were employed for the dissemination of information. Peer counselors were assigned between five and 10 students for counseling for approximately nine weeks. In general, the counseless gained an ability to relate more effectively with both peers and adults and in problem solving and communication skills.     

Transient Effects of Gaze Stability Exercises on Postural Stability in Patients With Posterior Circulation Stroke

The authors sought to investigate if short-term gaze stability exercises have an effect on postural stability of dynamic standing during neck movement in patients with posterior circulation stroke (PCS). Patients in both PCS and non-PCS groups were assigned to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group performed the gaze stability exercises for 10 min while the control group was merely resting. The center of pressure velocity was calculated to evaluate the postural stability. After intervention, PCS and non-PCS showed a significant reduction in center of pressure velocity during dynamic standing with eyes closed condition, and the PCS group showed a significant improvement in eye-opened condition. This study indicated that gaze stability exercises improve PCS patients' postural control, especially during dynamic standing.     

A field study of step-up exercises with touch for elderly people

This study assessed step-up exercises appropriate for elderly persons (M age=70.7 yr., SD=7.0). The group did several exercises in 7 sessions per month (average participants per session was 14, SD=3). A 30-sec. chair-stand test (sit-to-stand), questionnaires on activities of daily living, and impressions of the exercises were examined. Activities of daily living were expected to differ on cluster analysis before and after exercise sessions. Each cluster was classified by basic and instrumental activities. The 30-sec. chair-stand test did not significantly improve. Subjects enjoyed doing exercises with touch. Appropriate exercises for elderly persons should promote activities of daily living. Functional movements with touch seem appropriate for maintaining physical fitness and social interaction.     

Disadvantaged by Diversity? The Effects of Diversity Goals on Competence Perceptions1

This research examined how efforts to ensure demographic diversity in a work group affected perceptions of the competence of individuals who are likely targets of such efforts. In three experiments, 262 undergraduates gave their impressions and performance expectations of members of a group assembled to work on a task. When a diversity rationale rather than a merit rationale was provided for how the work group was assembled, both women (Studies 1 and 2) and Black men (Study 3) were perceived as less competent and were expected to be less influential. This effect occurred regardless of the proportional representation of women or the degree of the groups' heterogeneity. The diversity rationale also produced more negative characterizations than did another non‐merit‐based rationale: scheduling convenience.     

Structured role assignment and other techniques for facilitating process in adolescent psychotherapy groups

The application of various types of techniques for structuring the interchange and feedback process in adolescent psychotherapy groups is described. Techniques include random assignment of "roles" for each member during sessions, "parent hot seat" exercises, group goal booklets, and negotiation exercises. These have proved helpful in ensuring effective group participation, providing practice in social skills and verbalization of feelings, and in the development of other specific mastery skills.     

Early communication development and intervention for children with autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairments in social and communication development, accompanied by stereotyped patterns of behavior and interest. The focus of this paper is on the early development of communication in autism, and early intervention for impairments in communication associated with this disorder. An overview of components of communication is provided. Communication characteristics that are diagnostic of autism are summarized, with consideration of the overlap between social and communication impairment, particularly for children with autism functioning at the prelinguistic level. Early communication development and predictors of communication functioning in autism are examined, based on a review of prospective and retrospective studies. The focus of the discussion then turns to intervention. Consideration is given to the rationale for beginning intervention as early in life as possible for children with autism. Implications of motor, imitation, and play deficits for communication-based intervention are examined. Finally, issues related to the design and delivery of intervention for young children with autism are presented, along with a review of the major early intervention approaches for autism.     

Increasing Couple Intimacy Using Virginia Satir's Temperature Reading

SUMMARY

This article describes the process of using Virginia Satir's Temperature Reading, a communication tool, to increase intimacy with couples. It presents a rationale and theory for using a daiiy couple Temperature Reading to develop communication skills for learning how to share intimately in relationships. Temperature Reading provides a safe environment where each member of the couple can learn to share personal information and can practice listening to the other in a supportive and cooperative manner. Therapists and couples alike can utilize this process as described here.     

COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND THE ATTITUDE-VERBAL REPORT-OVERT BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP: A CRITIQUE AND THEORETIC REFORMULATION1

Although communication theory provides a significant rationale for the relationship of messages to both attitudes and behaviors, relatively few researchers have examined systematically the effects of communication on attitude statements and related behaviors. Those studies which have assessed communication effects on both classes of behavior have yielded conflicting findings concerning verbal report-overt behavior correspondence, as well as the role of communication and mediating variables in underlying attitude-verbal report-overt act relationships. It is argued that inconclusive results have been the product of: (1) inadequate theoretical formulation of the relationship of attitudes to behaviors, and of communication to both attitudes and behaviors; (2) inadequate conceptual and operational definitions of these and other relevant variables; (3) inadequate control of factors influencing the relationships. Theoretical reformulations are suggested in each of these areas, hypotheses are offered concerning conditions for verbal report-overt behavior compliance correspondence, and a path analytic model is proposed for empirical test.