西汉中后期的改制运动与儒家政治哲学的实践

西汉一朝,由儒生们倡议、主导的改制运动成为贯穿始终的一项重要政治实践活动。汉武帝的"太初改制"虽然在正朔、祭祀、官制、明堂等方面进行了一系列的变革,但并未实现以儒家教化矫正秦政流弊的诉求。由对"太初改制"的不满,加上儒学影响与儒生群体的增大,汉元帝之后的儒生们继续以复古为基调倡导民生与礼制方面的改革,努力实现儒家政治理念在国家政治生活中的贯彻与执行。西汉中后期的改制运动中折射出的既是儒家政治哲学从理论体系落实为政治制度的建构过程,也是制度建构的政治实践对儒家政治哲学理论的检验与影响。我们可以从中洞察西汉儒家的时代际遇,以及汉代儒家政治哲学的理论缺失与实践局限。     

《尚书》书名的意义与儒家道统关系新探

《尚书》名称的真实意义是 :上古流传下来的、受到儒家特别是孔子尊崇的、记载古代贤王明君事迹的典籍。从《尚书》人物与儒家宣扬人物的一致性可知 ,周初以来就存在一个从尧、舜、禹、汤到周文王、周公的政治统治合法性的天命的传承系统 ,道统说有深厚的历史渊源 ,孔子、子思、孟子到司马迁继承并总结这一政治传承系统 ,其思想源自于《尚书》等政治典籍中。大统一时代的汉代儒学结束了战国以来各自纷争的局面 ,以顺应为统治者提供政治统治合法性理论的需要 ,这与董仲舒“罢黜百家 ,独尊儒术”思想的提出是相呼应的     

借鉴儒家伦理培育公民道德的思考

随着社会主义市场经济与民主政治的发展,开展公民道德教育,培育公民道德等都成为摆在我们面前的现实问题。这需要从以儒家伦理文化中吸取资源。因为,从文化的角度看,道德具有历史的延续性,而新的道德也离不开历史的基础。然而,这种吸取是有条件的,一方面需要对儒家伦理进行精华与糟粕的辨析,另一方面,需要结合传统与现代的时代特征,既厘清儒家伦理和公民道德之间的区别,又探寻两者的关联,在此前提下提炼可供吸取的资源。     

西汉儒生的王道情结及其文化意义

汉武帝时期董仲舒等人关于儒法互补的理论设计,是在借鉴秦朝暴亡教训的基础上建立的,客观上适应了汉代政治实践的需要,但随着西汉中后期孟子一派儒家理想主义的崛起,儒生们很有一股实现儒家王道理想的冲动,此最终演化为两汉之间以儒家经典中的王道理想为依托、以三代古制为蓝本的王莽新政。王莽新政的失败,表明纯粹儒家王道具有较浓厚的乌托邦性质,东汉儒生也因此对现实政治实践有了更为清醒的认识,对社会政治作彻底改造的不切实际的热情日益降温,从而再次认同儒法互补的政治文化模式。     

论儒学基本原理与民主政治的兼容与接轨

早期儒家思想中的一些基本原理与现代民主政治的理念是可以兼容和接轨的。儒家以代表“天意”的“民意”作为政权合法性的依据 ,符合民主政治的权力观 ;儒家的“性善论”可以用来论证民主制度的合理性 ;儒家的“中庸”从政治决策的意义上来说往往是民主程序的自然结果 ;儒家提倡的“特立独行”精神所体现的负责任的个人主义是民主政治所需要的前提。     

马加爵事件的社会心理学与变态心理学理论与实践反思

马加爵事件已经过去10年,犯罪被判决死刑,学术界并无异议,但从社会心理学角度看,城市市民对乡村农民的偏见和歧视及其后果却值得反思;从变态心理学角度看,因为长期的贫穷、被歧视造成的人格障碍,需要认真分析。马加爵事件提醒我们,要更加注重解决城市化过程中的贫富差距问题以及所引起的社会心理事件。     

仁智并显与旁通时行——试论焦循《孟子正义》的人性论和政治思想

《孟子正义》是清代学者焦循探讨人性论和政治思想的代表作。在书中,焦循根据人可以教以仁义的事实,论证人性本善。人性由本于血气形能的欲、情、知共同构成,三者发用中出现的弊端只能依靠知的向学工夫来补救。仁的彰显扩充依靠知的活动,运用知追求“合宜”的生活乃是人道的基础。从历史演进的角度看,人道经历了不断的通变,圣贤所标举的执中时行、注重日用常行和为民造命等原则代表了儒家政治思想的基本方向,对后世具有鲜明的导向作用。     

先秦儒家人性论的政治哲学意义

任何一种政治哲学都必须以一定的人性论为前提.与对人的存在进行实然性描述的人性论不同,先秦儒家的"人性善"是对人性作出的应然判断.这种人性论本质上体现的是"人道"精神的"成人论",其形式上是预设的,而内容上则是建构的.以这种人性论为基调,先秦儒家开出的是体现其哲学思想的政治与道德一体的"礼制"秩序模式.尽管自有自由、民主意识以来,"礼制"思想已命运多舛,但从普遍的历史视角出发,"礼制秩序"既体现了其历史的现实性,同时对当代道德和政治哲学仍不失文化传承上的启迪意义.     

论儒家的自强人格及其培养

从心理学角度看,儒学主要体现了一种自强的人格心理学思想。仁爱人格、弘毅人格和革新人格是儒家自强人格的主要内容,其终极目标则是养成健全人格。儒家的自强人格既具有个人取向,也具有社会取向。它以个人取向为基础和出发点,以社会取向为最终目标,从个人取向逐渐扩展至社会取向。实践学习、克服偏私、正确处理理情关系和人际关系是培养儒家自强人格的4个主要途径     

儒家“石经”之史考论——从“石经”之史看经学体系化之路向与特征

考察儒家"石经"之史,不难发现,儒家"石经"的出现看似偶然,实则必然。儒家"石经"以官方形式出现,在很大程度上意味着儒家经学与时代、政治达到了一种新的融合,满足了当时的时代诉求、政治诉求与文化诉求。从历史维度看,"石经"之史是渐次形成的,其经数与经目也是由少至多、由经至子,以及由子入经的,同时,在此演进过程中还呈现出体系化、经典化与圣典化的基本趋势。从客观层面看,"石经"作为客观存在物,无论是在当时还是在今天,都蕴含着相当重要的政治意涵、文化意涵与历史意涵。     

The Story of Life History: Origins of the Life History Method in Sociology

For some time psychologists have been employing life history methods in their work. Perhaps the key publication in this regard is Erik Erikson 's (1975)book Life History and the Historical Moment. In fact, life history methods were pioneered by anthropologists and taken up with considerable enthusiasm by sociologists. A central location for the pioneering of life history methods by sociologists was the Chicago School in the 1930s.A range of innovative life history studies were generated here as part of the wide-ranging studies of the urban environment undertaken by the sociology school. In this article, we look at some of the possibilities of life history work, but are particularly concerned with analyzing the dilemmas that led to a decline in life history methods. The last section examines the rehabilitation of life history methods and puts forward a number of arguments as to why life history methods are particularly suitable for what Harvey (1989) called the "condition of post-modernity."     

History and Persons

The non‐identity problem is usually considered in the forward‐looking direction but a version of it also applies to the past, due to the fact that even minor historical changes would have affected the whole subsequent sequence of births, dramatically changing who comes to exist next. This simple point is routinely overlooked by familiar attitudes and evaluative judgments about the past, even those of sophisticated historians. I shall argue, however, that it means that when we feel sadness about some historical tragedy, or think of one possible course of history as better than another, these judgments and attitudes can be understood in terms of two opposing perspectives on the past: an impersonal standpoint concerned only with how much value each course of history contains, and a person‐centred standpoint concerned with harms and benefits to the people who had actually existed. In this paper, I will set out these radically different visions of what matters in history and point out some of their surprising implications.     

The Study of Western Postmodern Philosophy of History in China in the Four Decades of Reform and Opening Up

In the 1960s and 1970s—as structuralism, post-structuralism, and literary criticism seeped into history—the “linguistic turn” or “narrative turn,” leading to what is known as postmodern philosophy of history, took place in Western philosophy of history. In the past forty years of reform and opening up to the outside world, and especially in the most recent two or three decades, Chinese research on Western postmodern philosophy of history has proceeded from overall review to in-depth research, and then on to reflection, criticism, and even transcendence. Neither the rethinking of historical objectivity and rationality nor the reconstruction of convictions about historical reason can work without the profound insights or theoretical tensions of postmodern philosophy of history.     

康有为的古经新解与经学的近代转型

康有为揭橥孔子和经学的旗帜 ,并借用西学对其进行改铸 ,从而把孔子塑造成君主立宪政体的缔造者 ,把经典改造成君主立宪政体理论的载体。康有为之所以能这样做 ,与经学与时俱进的特征、自身学贯中西的知识储备以及现实社会的需要有很大关系。康氏所为 ,开援西入儒之先河 ,拓展了儒家的外王学与内圣学 ,促进了思想的解放 ,对构建当代新文化也具有借鉴意义。     

廖平对《春秋》经的认识

廖平对《春秋》经的认识,有前后两个阶段的变化。在廖平的经学史研究阶段,认为《春秋》是孔子所制作的“经”,包含了孔子的“素王制作”之义,即为后世的“一王之法”;在其经学理论的建构时期,《春秋》经被廖平作为其建构孔经“人学”的经典。事实上,《春秋经》廖平的孔经天人体系中只不过是一种工具符号,且随着廖平经学理论的变化,被不断地赋予不同的功能。     

The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History

The history of the regulation of animal research is essentially the history of the emergence of meaningful social ethics for animals in society. Initially, animal ethics concerned itself solely with cruelty, but this was seen as inadequate to late 20^th-century concerns about animal use. The new social ethic for animals was quite different, and its conceptual bases are explored in this paper. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 represented a very minimal and in many ways incoherent attempt to regulate animal research, and is far from morally adequate. The 1985 amendments did much to render coherent the ethic for laboratory animals, but these standards were still inadequate in many ways, as enumerated here. The philosophy underlying these laws is explained, their main provisions are explored, and future directions that could move the ethic forward and further rationalize the laws are sketched.     

Prevention and public health. Psychology's response to the nation's health care crisis

Psychology as a scientific and applied discipline has a unique responsibility to participate in the pursuit of strategies that reduce the nation's health care needs. As a social and behavioral science, psychology can contribute to unraveling the processes underlying conditions of health and disorder. As an applied discipline, psychology can work to design effective interventions to promote human health and to avoid disease and dysfunction. Insofar as these endeavors are unsuccessful, psychology can help reduce significant contributors to the nation's morbidity and mortality. Achieving such success, however, challenges psychologists to collaborate effectively, to combine science with practice and policy, and to address complex philosophical and ethical issues concerned with individual freedom and public responsibility.     

Women in child development: themes from the SRCD Oral History Project

Research in child development has emerged as a major intellectual discipline and a topic of great interest and importance to society. The Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) has been the leading scholarly society concerned with the advancement of this research. As part of its focus on a history of the field, the SRCD has undertaken an oral history project in which prominent members are interviewed. Of the 102 completed interviews, 47 are women's accounts, which document important contributions women have made to child development. The experiences reported by individual participants reflect themes in the general history of women in psychology and child development during the early and mid-1900s. Women encountered obstacles to their efforts, even as they were supported by others and struggled to achieve prominence amid the sometimes ambiguous or conflicting circumstances that characterized women's entry into child development.     

齐韶与祭孔乐舞

祭孔乐舞是迄今为止中国仅存的雅乐舞,而《韶乐》又是中国历代王朝所尊崇的雅乐体系的重要组成部分之一。这两者在我国雅乐发展历史中同样担当着举足轻重的作用。根据艺术发展的规律,任何艺术的新生作品都必须或必然是建立在继承文化传统的基础之上,祭孔乐舞的诞生虽然远离《韶乐》流传盛行的西周,但是,《韶乐》的内容和形式却深深影响着中国历代雅乐的制作和发展。作为中国雅乐分支的孔庙乐舞,对《韶乐》的传承也必定有历史的必然和血脉的联系。因此毋庸置疑,现存的祭孔乐舞成为当下我们寻找古《韶乐》历史面貌的主要甚至是唯一的实物资料。而通过研究发现,两者之间不仅有关而且渊源久矣。