Some Considerations on the Limitations Confronting the Cross-cultural Field of Sex Research

Through the use of intentional sampling this non-probabilistic study reports the incidence of self-reported occasional same-sex behavior among supposed “straight” males and the methodological issues involved in the fieldwork of three different cities from Brazil, Turkey and Thailand. The social criteria used as the control for the males interviewed between 20 and 30 years of age in this study are the levels of education and the items consumed. These variables are here considered to be socially influenced and determinable by class. There is a notable difference due to the greater number of casual same-sex experiences found among heterosexual males in the working classes of Turkey and Thailand. This could mean that the professional middle class sexual ideology is more disseminated among Brazilian participants than among Turk and Thai participants. Another difference was that the highest number of same-sex experiences was found amongst the Turkish middle class where women are much more socially unavailable. Although it is not a representative research from these three countries, each particular fieldwork situation illustrates how different social factors can easily influence the occurrence of casual same-sex experiences among young urban males.     

The Ethnic Adornment Survey (EAS): Measuring Individuals’ Use of Clothing to Express Ethnic Identity

The present paper introduces the Ethnic Adornment Survey as a measure of the relative frequency with which individuals use clothing to express their ethnic identity. Results of exploratory factor analyses in a pilot study (n = 174) and confirmatory factor analyses in a main study (n = 217) revealed that the Ethnic Adornment Survey measures two positively correlated, yet distinct, ethnic adornment factors (i.e., socially desirable and undesirable aspects). Moreover, results of regression analyses indicated that (1) self-esteem was positively predicted by socially desirable aspects of ethnic adornment (p’s < .05 in both studies); whereas (2) self-esteem was negatively predicted by socially undesirable aspects of ethnic adornment (p’s < .05 in the pilot study and < .10 in the main study). Implications for research on ethnic identity are discussed.     

Validation of Hayamizu and Weiner's Achievement Goal Questionnaire among Uruguayan university students

Abstract

The aim of this study is to confirm the factor structure of a self-report measure of achievement goal tendencies (Hayamizu & Weiner, 1991) described in previous research, and examine the reliability and validity of scores in a sample of Uruguayan university students. A theoretical three-factor model is proposed (learning, performance and outcome goals), as well as one-factor models for each goal. Confirmatory factor analyses show that all models are identified, and solutions are conceptually correct. Our results suggest that outcome goals could be split into two correlated sub-dimensions related to achievement time (short and long term goals). Concurrent and predicted validity were established through significant correlations with perceived ability and academic achievement respectively. Conceptualisation of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

A note on structural models for the circumplex

Jöreskog (1974) developed a latent variable model for the covariance structure of the circumplex which, under certain conditions, includes a model for a patterned correlation matrix (Browne, 1977). This model is of limited usefulness, however, in that it employs a known matrix that is rank deficient for many problems. Furthermore, the model is inappropriate for the circumplex which contains negative covariances. This paper presents alternative models for the perfect circumplex and quasi-circumplex that avoids these difficulties, and that includes the important model for a patterned correlation circumplex matrix. Two numerical examples are provided.This research was supported in part by a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota. I wish to thank M. W. Browne for suggesting the final model presented in this paper. James Steiger and the Editor also made several valuable suggestions.     

青少年攻击性问卷的编制

在青少年攻击性理论与当代青少年攻击性表现的基础上,结合国外的研究成果以及专家评定,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,编制了一个适合青少年攻击性评估的问卷。结果发现：（1）自编的“青少年攻击性问卷”由攻击性行为、攻击性认知和攻击性情绪3个分量表构成。攻击性行为分量表由口头攻击、身体攻击、自我发泄3个维度构成;攻击性认知分量表由敌对、恶意、报复心理3个维度构成;攻击性情绪分量表由易怒性、冲动、缺乏自我控制能力3个维度构成;（2）问卷的内部一致性系数和维度与分量表、总分以及分量表与总分的相关系数达到显著水平,量表的内容效度、结构效度、实证效度较高。     

大学生社会适应性问卷的初步编制

在理论分析的基础上,结合国内外的研究成果,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,编制大学生社会适应性问卷。结果发现,(1)问卷由自我调节、自我评价、学习管理、就业准备、人际交往、角色适应六个分量表构成。(2)各分量表及问卷的a系数分别为0.859、0.847、0.826、0.742、0.751、0.757、0.902。(3)验证性因素分析所提取的6个因子构建的模型拟合较好。问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于大学生社会适应性的测量。     

An alternative to the methodology for analysis of covariance

A general statistical model for simultaneous analysis of data from several groups is described. The model is primarily designed to be used for the analysis of covariance. The model can handle any number of covariates and criterion variables, and any number of treatment groups. Treatment effects may be assessed when the treatment groups are not randomized. In addition, the model allows for measurement errors in the criterion variables as well as in the covariates. A wide variety of hypotheses concerning the parameters of the model can be tested by means of a large sample likelihood ratio test. In particular, the usual assumptions of ANCOVA may be tested.Research reported in this paper has been partly supported by the Swedish Council for Social Science Research under project Statistical methods for analysis of longitudinal data, project director Karl G. Jöreskog, and partly by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation under project Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences, project director Karl G. Jöreskog.     

中学生考试心理问题结构的验证性因素分析

在访谈、开放式调查和探索性因素分析的基础上,对中学生考试心理问题的结构进行了验证性因素分析并考察了《中学生考试心理和行为问题症状自评量表》的有效性。结果发现:中学生考试心理和行为问题包括人际敏感、焦虑、怯场、自责、家庭压力感、身体症状、动力问题、强迫、抑郁、自卑和精神病性等11种类型,该11因素共同解释着中学生考试心理问题。所研制量表具有较高的信效度,可以作为中学生考试心理问题的测量工具。     

《学习适应量表》的验证性因素分析

在北京多所学校对425名学生进行了《学习适应量表》的测量,验证性因素分析结果表明,总量表和各个分量表的模型拟合都未违反基本适令标准,总量表的整体模型拟合性良好,内在结构适合性也比较好。学习方法、学习习惯、学习态度、学习环境和身心适应五个分量表的整体模型拟合性较好,但内在结构不佳。     

Some Results on Mean Square Error for Factor Score Prediction

For the confirmatory factor model a series of inequalities is given with respect to the mean square error (MSE) of three main factor score predictors. The eigenvalues of these MSE matrices are a monotonic function of the eigenvalues of the matrix Γ _p = Φ ^1/2 Λ _p ′Ψ _p ⁻¹ Λ _p Φ ^1/2. This matrix increases with the number of observable variables p. A necessary and sufficient condition for mean square convergence of predictors is divergence of the smallest eigenvalue of Γ _p or, equivalently, divergence of signal-to-noise (Schneeweiss & Mathes, 1995). The same condition is necessary and sufficient for convergence to zero of the positive definite MSE differences of factor predictors, convergence to zero of the distance between factor predictors, and convergence to the unit value of the relative efficiencies of predictors. Various illustrations and examples of the convergence are given as well as explicit recommendations on the problem of choosing between the three main factor score predictors. The author is obliged to Maarten Speekenbrink and Peter van Rijn for their assistance with plotting the figures. In addition, I am obliged to the referees for their stimulating remarks.     

Psychometric properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised among Icelandic college students

In the present study, the psychometric properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) (Foa, et al., 2002) were investigated. The OCI-R was administered to a total of 816 Icelandic college students. The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were administered to a subsample of 304 students, and the PI-WSUR (Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision), the PSWQ and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) to another subsample of 212 students. Also, 89 students filled in the OCI-R twice with two weeks in between. The factor structure of the instrument was replicated in a confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliabilities of the OCI-R total scale and all subscales were satisfactory. Further, the OCI-R total score showed a significantly higher correlation with the PI-WSUR and the MOCI than with the PSWQ or the MPS. Finally, conceptually similar scales of the OCI-R and the MOCI as well as the PI-WSUR showed higher inter-correlations than the correlations that were observed between conceptually more distinct scales. It is concluded that the Icelandic version of the OCI-R has strong psychometric properties in a student population.     

用验证性因素分析法对控制源量表的分析研究

验证性因素分析方法克服了传统的探索性因素分析的不足,为心理学发展和研究的精细化、数学化提供了更可行的途径。本研究运用验证性因素分析方法对心理控制源量表进行了分析研究,研究发现L1SREL软件对SPSS不能分析出来的因素可以进一步地给予精确数据。     

中学生思维风格结构及其测量

本研究在文献分析和开放调查的基础上,构建了中学生思维风格的理论结构,并据此编制了中学生思维风格量表。对测量结果进行探索性和验证性因素分析表明:思维风格是一个单一维度的整体-分析型结构,它包括两个呈两极连续性的整体和分析因素,可以用来说明复杂多样的具体思维风格类型。     

A note on the identification of restricted factor loading matrices

It is shown that problems of rotational equivalence of restricted factor loading matrices in orthogonal factor analysis are equivalent to problems of identification in simultaneous equations systems with covariance restrictions. A necessary (under a regularity assumption) and sufficient condition for local uniqueness is given and a counterexample is provided to a theorem by J. Algina concerning necessary and sufficient conditions for global uniqueness.