Harm and Uncertainty In Newborn Intensive Care

There is a broadly held view that neonatologists are ethically obligated to act to override parental nontreatment decisions for imperiled premature newborns when there is a reasonable chance of a good outcome. It is argued here that three types of uncertainty undercut any such general obligation: (1) the vagueness of the boundary at which an infant’s deficits become so intolerable that death could be reasonably preferred; (2) the uncertainty about whether aggressive treatment will result in the survival of a reasonably healthy child or, alternatively, the survival of a child with intolerable deficits; and (3) the inability to determine an acceptable ratio between the likelihoods of those two outcomes. It is argued that the broadly held view accords insufficient weight to the fact that newborn intensive care increases the likelihood of harm to the child by effecting survival with intolerable deficits. Though treatment may offer a reasonable chance of a good outcome, it is argued that there are situations in which neonatologists should nonetheless defer to parental nontreatment decisions.     

Parental Coping in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Fifty-six mothers of premature infants who participated in a study to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Brief COPE, a self-report inventory of coping mechanisms, the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire to assess acute stress disorder (ASD) and the Davidson Trauma Scale to assess PTSD. 18 % of mothers had baseline ASD while 30 % of mothers met the criteria for PTSD at the 1-month follow-up. Dysfunctional coping as measured by the Brief COPE was positively associated with elevated risk of PTSD in these mothers (RR = 1.09, 95 % CI 1.02–1.15; p = .008). Maternal education was positively associated with PTSD; each year increase in education was associated with a 17 % increase in the relative risk of PTSD at 1 month follow-up (RR = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.02–1.35; p = .03). Results suggest that dysfunctional coping is an important issue to consider in the development of PTSD in parents of premature infants.     

新生儿重症监护室中放弃治疗的伦理问题

对于新生儿重症监护室中的一部分危重新生儿,虽然可以借助高新尖的医疗技术挽留他们的性命,但却不能避免其出现影响远期生存质量的后遗症。因此患儿家属和医务人员陷入了是否对这些危重新生儿实施放弃治疗的两难困境。对NICU中放弃治疗的对象、伦理学依据、伦理学意义以及如何实施放弃治疗的问题加以讨论,为NICU医务人员提供有益参考。     

新生儿重症监护室中放弃治疗的伦理问题

对于新生儿重症监护室中的一部分危重新生儿,虽然可以借助高新尖的医疗技术挽留他们的性命,但却不能避免其出现影响远期生存质量的后遗症.因此患儿家属和医务人员陷入了是否对这些危重新生儿实施放弃治疗的两难困境.对NICU中放弃治疗的对象、伦理学依据、伦理学意义以及如何实施放弃治疗的问题加以讨论,为NICU医务人员提供有益参考.     

新生儿ICU护士道德困境研究进展

新生儿ICU护士由于工作环境与护理对象的特殊性,极易产生道德困境。目前有多种道德困境评估工具用以评估新生儿ICU护士道德困境,大多数新生儿ICU护士对道德困境认知清晰,道德困境水平较高;护士的权限、治疗和护理措施对患儿预后的影响、团队合作等情景是新生儿ICU护士道德困境的来源。道德困境使新生儿ICU护士产生了负面心理,降低了护士的工作积极性,不利于临床工作的开展,应重视新生儿ICU护士道德困境问题,采取措施以改善新生儿ICU护士道德困境,降低道德困境对新生儿ICU护士的负面影响。

     

With Hope and Imagination: Imaginative Moral Decision-Making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Although the role of imagination in moral reasoning is often neglected, recent literature, mostly of pragmatist signature, points to imagination as one of its central elements. In this article we develop some of their arguments by looking at the moral role of imagination in practice, in particular the practice of neonatal intensive care. Drawing on empirical research, we analyze a decision-making process in various stages: delivery, staff meeting, and reflection afterwards. We show how imagination aids medical practitioners demarcating moral categories, tuning their actions, and exploring long-range consequences of decisions. We argue that imagination helps to bring about at least four kinds of integration in the moral decision-making process: personal integration by creating a moral self-image in moments of reflection; social integration by aiding the conciliation of the diverging perspectives of the people involved; temporal integration by facilitating the parties to transcend the present moment and connect past, present, and future; and epistemological integration by helping to combine the various forms of knowledge and experience needed to make moral decisions. Furthermore, we argue that the role of imagination in these moral decision-processes is limited in several significant ways. Rather than being a solution itself, it is merely an aid and cannot replace the decision itself. Finally, there are also limits to the practical relevance of this theoretical reflection. In the end, it is up to care professionals as reflective practitioners to re-imagine the practice of intensive care and make the right decisions with hope and imagination.

新生儿重症监护病房患儿家属心理状况分析

探讨新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）住院患儿家属的心理状况及影响因素。采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）及自行设计的调查问卷对190名NICU住院患儿家属进行调查。结果显示患儿家属表现出不同程度的焦虑,与全国常模（29．78±0．46）相比,其焦虑情绪标准分49．54±1．07,高于常模组（P〈O．05）。影响因素主要包括文化水平、家庭人均收入及患儿病情严重程度等。患儿父母关注的主要问题包括：病情严重程度、预后、医护人员解释病情满意度及病房探视制度。笔者认为医护人员应加强与患儿家属的有效沟通,满足其心理需求,提高医疗护理质量,促进医患关系和谐。     

儿科重症监护室中放弃治疗的相关问题研究

随着现代伦理学、生命质量和生命价值理论的发展,对于儿科重症监护室中部分病情危重且不可避免地将出现影响其远期生存质量的后遗症的患儿来说,选择放弃治疗可能更符合伦理学及患儿的最佳利益。对儿科重症监护室中部分患儿放弃治疗的实施过程、必备条件、常见原因、实施对象、相关伦理学及法律问题进行了探讨,以求为临床诊疗提供理论参考。     

Correlates of Parenting on a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Maternal Characteristics and Family Resources

The association of maternal characteristics, family resources, and receipt of prenatal care with parenting behaviors observed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU; n = 383) was assessed. The parenting behavior of mothers not receiving prenatal care (n = 128) was compared to that of mothers of the preceding and subsequent admissions (n = 256) by retrospective chart review. Parenting variables included frequency of visits to the NICU and evaluative ratings of parents' involvement with their infant. Parenting of the no-prenatal-care group was significantly less favorable than the control on all comparisons. Factor analysis supported a priori grouping of parenting variables. A stepwise multiple regression of maternal and family characteristics to the factor-derived variable, parenting, showed significant contributions for prenatal drug use and father involvement. Pediatric interventions assessing maternal social and behavioral characteristics are proposed.     

Children's Developmental Services: A Multidisciplinary Program of Psychological and Educational Services for Neonatal Intensive Care

Psychologists, counselors, and educators provide an innovative interdisciplinary program for hospital care and follow-up of premature infants at the University of Florida. This growing population of surviving neonates has a high risk of developmental disability, which can be reduced by developmental intervention.     

重症加强监护医学与临床思维

重症加强监护医学的发展史,也是其临床思维的发展史,一个由个体性呼吸衰竭救治观念转化为集群性救治启动了重症加强监护学的建立,它们的发展带动亦受益于其临床思维、动态思维的发展。重症加强监护的实施,引发了医学伦理学新的思考与选择,而新的生物技术革命,必将导致重症加强监护医学及其临床思维的巨大变革。     

Prevalence and Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress and Postpartum Depression in Parents of Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mothers and fathers, and postpartum depression (PPD) in mothers, of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). 86 mothers and 41 fathers completed measures of ASD and of parent perception of infant medical severity 3–5 days after the infant’s NICU admission (T1), and measures of PTSD and PPD 30 days later (T2). 35% of mothers and 24% of fathers met ASD diagnostic criteria at T1, and 15% of mothers and 8% of fathers met PTSD diagnostic criteria at T2. PTSD symptom severity was correlated with concurrent stressors and family history of anxiety and depression. Rates of ASD/PTSD in parents of hospitalized infants are consistent with rates in other acute illness and injury populations, suggesting relevance of traumatic stress in characterizing parent experience during and after the NICU.     

预立医疗照护计划在重症医学科中的应用研究进展

基于目前我国医疗压力较大,过度治疗现象突出等问题,站在现代医学观念和辩证思维角度来思考如何合理且有效地利用现有的医疗资源,减少不必要且增加患者痛苦的治疗,减轻患者家庭负担,让患者有尊严地离开。同时,借鉴国外经验结合我国文化背景对预立医疗照护计划的可行性和必要性进行阐述,对国内外预立医疗照护计划实施的现状进行对比,并分析国内外预立医疗照护计划实施差异的原因,提出针对性的措施,以期为我国重症医学科推行预立医疗照护计划提供建议,促进安宁疗护的进一步发展。     

Adult Attachment Dimensions,World View Schemas,and the Psychological Health of Parents of Infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

This study reports the results of an exploration of the relationship of adult attachment dimensions (closeness, dependence, and anxiety) and world view assumptions (benevolence, meaningfulness, and worthiness) to psychological distress and psychological well-being in 142 parents (71 couples) of newborns recently hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit. The results of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, hierarchical multiple regression, and mediation analyses showed that parents who were more comfortable with attachment-dependence and parents who held more positive beliefs about benevolence and worthiness had less psychological distress and more well-being. In addition, parents with partners who were more comfortable with attachment-dependence had less psychological distress and more well-being. Attachment-dependence partially mediated the relationships of benevolence and worthiness with psychological distress and the relationship of benevolence with psychological well-being, whereas worthiness had a direct relationship with psychological well-being.     

谷氨酰胺在危重患者中的应用

谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln)是体内最为丰富的条件必须氨基酸,危重症患者体内Gln严重缺乏,研究认为适当补充Gln可起到促进肠道黏膜屏障功能恢复、调节细胞免疫等作用,从而降低危重症患者感染性并发症、缩短住院时间及减少ICU费用等,本文就这些方面做一综述。     

ICU患者低钙血症发生率调查与危险因素分析

筛查大连地区ICU患者早期低钙血症发生率,并分析其危险因素.选择自2010年9月14日至2010年9月30日新入大连市8家三级医院ICU的患者.入选44例患者中低钙血症患者20例,低钙血症发生率为45.4％.入选患者中全身性感染低钙血症发生率最高为61.1％,随后依次为其他疾病、心血管疾病、创伤和神经系统疾病.低钙血症的危险因素为蛋白水平、血磷水平、乳酸水平以及日照时间长短.     

ICU谵妄患者病因分析以及处理

分析急诊ICU患者出现谵妄症状的原因以及处理对策。分析总结我院急诊ICU3年间所有患者的资料,发现20．2％的患者出现谵妄症状,原因为：（1）疾病相关;（2）药物相关;（3）监护环境等多种因素作用结果。经过调整治疗方案、加强心理护理后,需要镇静药物的仅为谵妄患者的19．7％。因此寻找谵妄原因很重要,治疗重点在于去除谵妄原因以及相关促发因素。     

ICU谵妄患者病因分析以及处理

分析急诊ICU患者出现谵妄症状的原因以及处理对策.分析总结我院急诊ICU 3年间所有患者的资料,发现20.2％的患者出现谵妄症状,原因为:(1)疾病相关；(2)药物相关；(3)监护环境等多种因素作用结果.经过调整治疗方案、加强心理护理后,需要镇静药物的仅为谵妄患者的19.7％.因此寻找谵妄原因很重要,治疗重点在于去除谵妄原因以及相关促发因素.