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1.
Stephanie J. Bird PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):315-320
In discussions of professional standards and ethical values it is reasonable to consider who will develop the codes of conduct
and guidelines for behavior that will reflect the standards and values of the community. Also worthy of consideration is whether
the standards or guidelines are enforceable, and how and to what extent they will be enforced. The development of guidelines
or professional codes of conduct is a responsibility that has been adopted by many professional societies. Useful to this
discussion is an examination of the rationale behind the development of ethical codes by professional societies. The Ethics
in Science Committee of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) has examined the codes of some of its member societies
and some observations regarding them are pertinent. The nature and uses of ethical statements, codes and guidelines developed
by professional societies are multiple and diverse. Their enforcement raises both practical and ethical concerns.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
2.
Charles E. Harris Jr. 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):321-331
Increasing numbers of engineers from developed countries are employed during some part of their careers in lesser-developed
nations (LDN’s), or they may design products for use in LDN’s. Yet determining the implications of professional engineering
codes for engineers’ conduct in such settings can be difficult. Conditions are often substantially different from those in
developed countries, where the codes were formulated. In this paper I explore the implications of what I call the “welfare
requirement” in engineering codes for professional engineering conduct in LDN’s.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
3.
Michael C. Loui 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):347-350
This paper offers a definition of quality for products, explains why engineers are morally responsible for quality, and outlines
how engineers can fulfill this responsibility.
This paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering Based International
Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
4.
Professor Stephen H. Unger 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):287-290
Some argue that individuals and organizations doing business in countries where corruption is prevalent should not be expected
to adhere to strict standards of ethical practice. The basis for such arguments is faulty. Ethics, unlike etiquette, has a
universal basis; it is fundamentally the same all over the world. Even in a practical sense, there are long range advantages
to be gained by ethical behavior in these situations. Engineering employees of companies operating in areas where corruption
is common are sometimes forced to make very difficult decisions.
The focus in this paper is on the ethical aspects of the problem. Laws applying to companies doing business abroad, for example
the US Corrupt Practices Act, are not discussed.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, September 1997. 相似文献
5.
Vivian M. Weil 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):303-314
A summary of the career of a Russian engineer who practiced a century ago in western Europe, as well as in Russia, provides
an example of how ethical standards can influence practice across national boundaries. An examination of his career and his
conception of engineering, of the evolution of engineering standards and codes, and of the process of formulating codes in
particular instances explains how international standards can shape practice in an international context.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997. 相似文献
6.
Douglas J. Crawford-Brown 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(4):481-489
This paper explores the nature of virtue theory as applied to engineering practice. It links virtue to specific areas of practice
such as the selection of ends, devotion to service, the formation of justified belief, the conduct of dialogue, the taking
of actions, and exercises of the will. These areas are related to a culture of virtue in which an engineering society creates
the conditions enabling acts of virtue and celebrates individuals and their acts which exemplify identified virtues. The result
is a basis for engineering ethics which draws attention to the impetus for an ethically sound life.
An earlier version of this paper was presented by the author at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. 相似文献
7.
Emison GA 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):233-244
This paper proposes that engineers in public service are confronted with unavoidable complexity in their ethical considerations.
The complexity begins with interactions among venues of ethical choices. Engineers must make ethical choices simultaneously
at the individual, professional, organizational and societal levels. These ethical domains often conflict. The complexity
also stems from situations in which physical properties may remain stable, but important social, economic, institutional and
political conditions can change substantially. The paper proposes that the reflective learning approach of pragmatism can
help with these challenging situations. This approach depends upon employing Dewey’s five stage process of inquiry to engage
the ethical complexity inherent in the practice of engineering in the public service.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
8.
Vrhovac B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):309-316
There is an emerging awareness of the possibility of conflicts of interest in the practice of medicine in Croatia. The paper
examines areas within the medical profession where conflicts of interest can and have occurred, probably not only in Croatia.
Particularly addressed are situations when a doctor may have dual obligations and how independent ethics committees can help
in decreasing the influence of a conflict of interest. The paper also presents extracts from the Croatian Code of Ethics for
the medical profession that address problems of conflict of interest.
An earlier version of this paper entitled was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献
9.
Agricultural engineers’ jobs are especially related to sustainability and earth life issues. They usually work with plants
or animals, and the aim of their work is often linked to producing food to allow people to improve their quality of life.
Taking into account this dual function, the moral requirements of their day-to-day professional practice are arguably greater
than those of other professions.
Agricultural engineers can develop their ability to live up to this professional responsibility by receiving ethical training
during their university studies, not only by taking courses specifically devoted to ethics, but also by having to deal with
moral questions that are integrated into their technical courses through a program of Ethics Across the Curriculum (EAC).
The authors feel that a suitable pedagogical technique for achieving this goal is the use of moral dilemmas, following Kohlberg’s
theory of levels of morality (1981), with the final objective of attaining a post-conventional level. This paper examines
the possibilities and limitations of using moral dilemmas as a pedagogical technique for training agricultural engineers.
The cases, discussions, and evaluation used in the Agricultural Engineering Department of the Technical University of Valencia
(Spain) are also presented.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
10.
Joseph R. Herkert 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):333-346
This paper explores the concept of sustainable development and its ethical and public policy implications for engineering
and multinational corporations. Sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms: ecological (sustainable
scale), economic (efficient allocation) and social (just distribution). While movement toward a sustainable society is dependent
upon satisfying all three objectives, questions of just distribution and other questions of equity are often left off the
table or downplayed when engineers and corporate leaders consider sustainable development issues. Indeed, almost all the effort
of engineers and engineering organizations on the issue of sustainable development has been focused on striking a balance
between economic development and environmental protection. Similarly, corporate approaches rely on technological fixes to
the challenges posed by sustainable development. While there have been some efforts aimed at incorporating environmental and
social equity concepts into engineering codes of ethics, social concerns have been secondary to environmental issues. The
incongruity between the ideal of sustainable development and the way in which it is typically characterized by the engineering
and business communities has significant implications for engineering and public policy, engineering ethics, and the potential
roles of engineers and multinational corporations as facilitators of a transition to a sustainable society.
Presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering Based International Industries”,
Durham, NC, USA, September 1997. An earlier version was presented at and appeared in the proceedings of the “1997 International
Symposium on Technology and Society”, IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, June 1997.
The author, an Assistant Prolessor of Multidisciplinary Studies, teaches in the Science, Technology and Society Program and
is Director of the Benjamin Franklin Scholars Program, a dual-degree program in engineering and humanities/social sciences. 相似文献
11.
Appel F 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):635-644
This paper describes the author’s experience of infusing an introductory database course with privacy content, and the on-going
project entitled Integrating Ethics Into the Database Curriculum, that evolved from that experience. The project, which has received funding from the National Science Foundation, involves
the creation of a set of privacy modules that can be implemented systematically by database educators throughout the database design thread of an undergraduate course.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Association for Practical and Professional
Ethics, February 24–27, 2005. 相似文献
12.
Marsha Woodbury Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):203-212
The design of Web browsers has resulted in a transfer of power to Web users and developers who often lack an ethical framework
in which to act. For example, the technology makes it simple to copy and use other people’s Web page formatting without their
permission. The author argues that we need to educate more people about ethical Web practices, and the author asks for “rules
of the road” which amateurs and professionals can understand and follow. This article discusses four areas of concern about
Web development: the browser wars, information storage and retrieval, access for the handicapped, and cookies. For teachers,
there are suggestions on how to use browsers to help students learn about Web ethics.
“We are all idiots and we are going to make mistakes.” Scott Adams
An earlier version of this paper was presented by the author at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
13.
Raael A. Benitez 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(3):269-280
This paper addresses the work of the Council of Europe in the fight against corruption. It presents briefly the Council of
Europe’s organisation, activities and priorities and goes on to introduce its work in the fight against corruption. Activities
in this field are carried out by the Multidisciplinary Group on Corruption (GMC) which is made up of governmental representatives
of the forty Member States of the Organisation and in accordance with a Plan of Action against Corruption. Following work
by the GMC, the Committee of Ministers, the decision-making body of the Council of Europe, adopted in 1997 ‘The 20 Guiding
principles for the Fight against Corruption’ and in 1998 ‘The Agreement establishing the Group of States against Corruption-GRECO’
which will be called upon to monitor States’ compliance with their international commitments in the fight against corruption.
Three international legal instruments are currently under preparation by the GMC, namely: a convention on corruption (dealing
with the criminal aspects of the problem), a convention on civil remedies resulting from corruption and a European model code
of conduct for Public Officials. Work on these instruments is well advanced and it is expected that they will be adopted before
the end of 1998.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Engineering Foundation Conference on “Ethics for Science and Engineering
Based International Industries”, Durham, NC, USA, 14–17 September 1997.
The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necesarily reflect the vews of the Organisation.
Information about the Council of Europe can be obtained at 〈http://www.coe.fr〉.
Science and Engineering Ethics is published by Opragen Publications, POB 54, Guildford GU1 2YF, UK. 〈http://www.cableol.co.uk/opragen/〉. 相似文献
14.
Williams JR 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):7-12
Since its formation in 1947, the World Medical Association (WMA) has been a leading voice in international medical ethics.
The WMA’s principal ethics activity over the years has been policy development on a wide variety of issues in medical research,
medical practice and health care delivery. With the establishment of a dedicated Ethics Unit in 2003, the WMA’s ethics activities
have intensified in the areas of liaison, outreach and product development. Initial priorities for the Ethics Unit have been
the review of paragraph 30 of the Declaration of Helsinki, the expansion of the Ethics Unit section of the WMA website and
the development of an ethics manual for medical students everywhere.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
15.
Michael S. Pritchard 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):215-233
The literature on ethics in science and engineering tends to dwell on the negative, emphasizing disasters, scandals, and problems
of wrongdoing in everyday practice. This paper shifts to the positive, focusing on the exemplary. After outlining different
possible conceptions of responsibility (ranging from a minimalist view of “staying out of trouble” to “going above and beyond
the call of duty”), the paper discusses the importance of certain virtues for scientists and engineers. Finally, a broad range
of examples of exemplary practice is offered.
An earlier version of this paper was presented by the author at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series.
Work on this paper was supported by National Science Foundation Grant #SBR-930257. 相似文献
16.
Fleischmann ST 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):381-389
An honor code is certainly a good place to start teaching engineering students about ethics, but teaching students to live
honorably requires far more effort than memorizing a code of ethics statement or applying it just to academic performance.
In the School of Engineering at Grand Valley State University, we have followed the model provided by the United States Military
Academy at West Point. For our students this involves an introduction to the Honor Code as part of a larger Honor Concept
at the very beginning of their studies and then making it an integral part of their preparation as engineers. The challenge
is significant because the culture at large does not support living with an Honor Concept. This paper will begin with a discussion
of the cultural context in which we must teach, because that context has changed significantly in the years since many faculty
members were students themselves. The rest of the paper will detail the approach that we have taken to teach ethics as an
engineer’s way of life.
“The shortest and surest way to live with honor in the world is to be in reality what we would appear to be. All human virtues
increase and strengthen themselves by the practice and experience of them.”
Plato
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
17.
Anderson MS 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(4):443-461
Data from two national surveys of 4,000 faculty and doctoral students in chemistry, civil engineering, microbiology and sociology
indicate that both faculty and students subscribe strongly to traditional norms but are more likely to see alternative counternorms
enacted in their departments. They also show significant effects of departmental climate on normative orientations and suggest
that many researchers express some degree of ambivalence about traditional norms.
This paper was presented at the “Communicating Science Conference” held at Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, October 1998.
The paper is part of the Acadia Institute’s Project on Professional Values and Ethical Issues in the Graduate Education of
Scientists and Engineers, cosponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Committee on Scientific
Freedom and Responsibility, the Council of Graduate Schools and Sigma Xi. This work was supported by Grants No. 8913159 and
9222889 from the National Science Foundation. The following NSF components have provided funding to the NSF Ethics and Values
Studies Program for support of the project: the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences; the Directorate
for Biological Sciences; the Directorate for Engineering; the Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences; and the
Office of the Inspector General. Opinions, findings, conclusions and recommendations are the author’s and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
18.
McGinn RE 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(4):517-542
A survey on ethical issues in engineering was administered over a five-year period to Stanford engineering students and practicing
engineers. Analysis of its results strongly suggests that important disconnects exist between the education of engineering
students regarding ethical issues in engineering on the one hand, and the realities of contemporary engineering practice on
the other. Two noteworthy consequences of these gaps are that the views of engineering students differ substantially over
what makes an issue an ethical issue, while practicing engineers exhibit significant disagreement over what is the most important
non-technical aspect of being a responsible engineering professional in contemporary society. These divergences impede the
recognition of ethical issues and of specific moral responsibilities of engineers in concrete professional practice. It is
argued that the use of suitably refined and probing surveys of engineering students and practicing engineers about ethical
issues in engineering is an important although neglected empirical approach to the study of engineering ethics. Such an approach
can enhance the prevailing case study method and combat over-tidy theoretical-analytical approaches to the subject.
When a train arrives at a station in the London Underground, a public announcement cautions passengers to “mind the gap”,
i.e. heed the space between the station platform and the carriage while entering or exiting.
An early draft of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Ethics in Engineering and Computer Science,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, March 21–23, 1999. 相似文献
19.
Quinn MJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(2):335-343
The author has surveyed a quarter of the accredited undergraduate computer science programs in the United States. More than
half of these programs offer a “social and ethical implications of computing” course taught by a computer science faculty
member, and there appears to be a trend toward teaching ethics classes within computer science departments. Although the decision
to create an “in house” computer ethics course may sometimes be a pragmatic response to pressure from the accreditation agency,
this paper argues that teaching ethics within a computer science department can provide students and faculty members with
numerous benefits. The paper lists topics that can be covered in a computer ethics course and offers some practical suggestions
for making the course successful.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
20.
Dr. Andrew N. Rowan 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(2):181-184
Conclusion The past one hundred fifty years of debate over the use of animals in research and testing has been characterized mainly byad hominem attacks and on uncritical rejection of the other sides’ arguments. In the classroom, it is important to avoid repeating exercises
in public relations and to demand sound scholarship.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the American Association for
the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Seminar “Teaching Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献