AIDS AND BOWERS V. HARDWICK

During the AIDS crisis, natural law arguments have turned up again not only in relation to anti-sodomy arguments, but even as parts of important claims about AIDS prevention made by the medical and scientific community. Such arguments were invoked by the state of Georgia in the 1986 Supreme Court case, Bowers v. Hardwick , in which the Court held that the Constitution does not confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy. As we shall see, the Court accepted a version of legal moralism ignoring both the relevance of a right to privacy and two friend-of-the-Court briefs urging them to consider the public health implications of prohibiting homosexual sodomy. I want to argue against legal moralism both in its standard form and in a more sophisticated version that permits natural law arguments a place in legal reasoning. Natural law arguments have aggravated the AIDS crisis by contributing not only to bad law but to bad science.     

Re‐building Sodom and Gomorrah: the monstrosity of queer desire in the horror film

In Skin Shows, her study of gothic horror, Judith Halberstam argues that ‘[m]onsters are meaning machines’. Narratives about monsters create meaning by defining the border between normal and monstrous desire. This essay offers a close reading of horror films from three very different periods of the genre's history— Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, The Haunting, and Scream—to demonstrate how these films represent queer desire as monstrous, disruptive and violent. Reading these cinematic representations alongside Christian discourses of sodomy demonstrates that the study of religion and the study of popular culture can inform each other, that theological meaning can be found in the artifacts of popular culture and that these artefacts can only be fully understood by attending to their theological meanings. The essay concludes with suggestions regarding how such artifacts can be engaged to support queer political projects.     

Are we ready for sexual reorientation therapy in the U.S. military? A response to David W. Lutz.

In his paper "The Catholic Church, the American Military, and Homosexual Reorientation Therapy," David W. Lutz ultimately concludes that it is "appropriate, and highly ethical" for the American military to offer reorientation therapy to help homosexuals overcome "the vice of sodomy." The major thrust of his paper, however, is to call for abandonment of the "Don't Ask/Don't Tell" policy currently in place in the military. Lutz's paper covers much ground, and this review begins by examining whether such a wide view is necessary for the ultimate conclusions. It goes on to ask whether Lutz has omitted to mention important considerations bearing on this issue, and whether Lutz's call for the introduction of reorientation therapy is a serious call or a symbolic response to homosexual activities. Lutz fails to address essential issues such as the actual experiences of other nations having homosexuals in the military, and issues regarding what constitutes "reorientation therapy," the latter leading to questions about how such a therapy would actually be implemented.     

DOES THE THREAT OF AIDS CREATE DIFFICULTIES FOR LORD DEVLIN'S CRITICS?

Although over twenty years have passed since the Hart-Devlin exchange, the controversy over society's right to punish homosexuals remains alive, as is shown by recent concern over the spread of AIDS and the recent announcement of the Supreme Court that "majority sentiments about the morality of homosexuality" constitute an adequate justification for sodomy statutes under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment.¹ Lord Devlin's moral justification for punishing homosexual conduct seems to follow a similar line of reasoning. The one argument to which his critics have paid the most attention begins with the assertion that society consists of a seamless web of ideas and values, the content of which is determined by whether the ordinary, reasonable person is disgusted by a particular type of conduct.² Among the types of conduct that disgust the ordinary person, he continues, is homosexual conduct.³ Therefore, Devlin concludes, society may punish homosexual conduct, even if it is consensual.     

Juvenile sex offenders: similar to, or different from, other incarcerated delinquent offenders?

The purpose of the present study was to compare incarcerated juvenile sex offenders to incarcerated youth who committed confrontational but nonsex offenses, and to those youth who committed only nonconfrontational, nonsex offenses. Furthermore, comparisons were made between two subtypes of sex offenders: those youth convicted for rape or sodomy vs those convicted for child molestation. Eighty-three male juvenile delinquents served as participants. Teachers within the correctional facility completed an instrument which allowed the examination of the two areas of interest: externalizing problems and internalizing problems. The results indicated that sex offenders generally, and particularly those who had committed only sex offenses, were perceived as having fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. No differences emerged between the two subtypes of sex offenders. Implications, as well as limitations, of the findings are discussed.     

The one-interview client

A census of National Marriage Guidance Council cases showed that a third of them lasted for one interview only. This finding was met with some surprise by the counsellors. An investigation into one-interview cases was therefore undertaken, with the result that several distinct categories were identified. In some cases one interview seems to be all that is needed by the client.     

Alexia with agraphia due to the left posterior inferior temporal lobe lesion--neuropsychological analysis and its pathogenetic mechanisms

We report three cases of alexia with agraphia due to the left posterior inferior temporal lesions. In Case 1, the reading disability was more prominent in the use of Kana than in the use of Kanji, which is similar to previously reported cases of alexia with agraphia due to angular gyrus lesion. In Cases 2 and 3, by contrast, the reading disability was more prominent in the use of Kanji than in the use of Kana. In spontaneous writing and dictation, the disability was more pronounced in the use of Kanji compared with the use of Kana. In each of the three cases, the CT scan and positron emission tomography showed a localized lesion in the lower part of the left posterior temporal lobe. A typical form of an alexia with agraphia could be caused not only by the left angular lesion but also by the left posterior inferior temporal lesion. We discuss the neuropsychological analysis and pathogenetic mechanisms of alexia with agraphia due to the left posterior inferior temporal lesion in the comparison of alexia with agraphia caused by the left angular lesion.     

UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES CAN A UNIONIZED COMPANY USE TESTING FOR PROMOTION?1

A job-related, “fair test” of ability, when used as one tool and not as the sole determining factor, has been established by arbitrators to be an appropriate selection instrument. If a test has been determined as being job-related (i.e., related to the actual performance of the job), has been administered and scored both fairly and consistently, it will be considered a “fair test.” Generally, in unioncompany contracts that mention testing, a “fair test” contains the above qualifications. Arbitrators have indicated that the union involved should be afforded the opportunity to see the test; it was made quite clear, however, that the union should not have the test. In all cases reviewed, tests were upheld by arbitrators when they (1) were “fair tests,” and (2) did not conflict with the contract language. Past testing practice was not a determining factor when these two conditions existed. A total of 69 cases between 1953 and 1967 have been found relevant–27 from 1953 to 1962 and 42 from 1963 to 1967. In the first study, 13 cases were lost by a company; in six of these cases a company violated the union-company contract and in seven cases the test used did not qualify as a “fair test.” A total of twelve cases were lost by a company in the second study; in two cases a company violated the union-company contract and in ten cases the test used did not qualify as a “fair test.”     

School Discipline and Home Background

This study investigated the relationship between type of home and the frequency and severity of discipline cases reported to the principal's office in a selected secondary school. All discipline cases over a 6-year period were recorded by home type, frequency, and severity, and comparisons were then made. In only one home type (united home, mother not employed) was there found a smaller proportion of discipline cases than proportion of homes. Frequency and degree of severity of cases increased with home disruption.     

Resident-generated versus instructor-generated cases in ethics and professionalism training

Background  

The emphasis on ethics and professionalism in medical education continues to increase. Indeed, in the United States the ACGME will require residency programs to include professionalism training in all curricula by 2007. Most courses focus on cases generated by the course instructors rather than on cases generated by the trainees. To date, however, there has been no assessment of the utility of these two case discussion formats. In order to determine the utility of instructor-generated cases (IGCs) versus resident-generated cases (RGCs) in ethics and professionalism training, the author developed an innovative course that included both case formats. The IGCs were landmark cases and cases from the experience of the course instructors, while the RGCs were selected by the residents themselves. Residents were then surveyed to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each format.     

48例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急性期治疗效果分析

总结我科收治的48例颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急性期患者治疗体会。回顾性分析2011年8月～2013年10月我科收治的48例56个颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急性期临床资料,介入栓塞30例（36个动脉瘤）,手术夹闭18例（20个动脉瘤）。结果介入栓塞组恢复良好14例、轻度残疾6例、重度残疾8例,死亡2例,手术夹闭组恢复良好10例、轻度残疾6例、重度残疾2例。两组 Hunt-Hess 分级3级以下患者预后无显著性差异。血管内栓塞和手术夹闭均为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血急性期的有效治疗手段,Hunt-Hess 分级3级以下者两种治疗方式均可得到满意疗效,4级以上者血管内栓塞是挽救患者生命的重要措施,但预后较差。     

Protection of Children from Physical Maltreatment in Canada: An Evaluation of the Supreme Court's Definition of Reasonable Force

In 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada set out seven criteria to distinguish reasonable from abusive corrective force with children. We tested the validity of those criteria by mapping them onto a nationally representative data set of substantiated cases of physical abuse. The court's criteria defining reasonable force actually characterized the majority of cases of child physical maltreatment in Canada. These cases were more likely to be characterized by the use of spanking in the family than by each of the criteria set out by the Supreme Court. One in five cases was not characterized by any of the court's criteria, and virtually none were characterized by all of them. The findings provide stronger support for abolishing physical punishment than for legal attempts to narrow its definition.     

Knowledge,reasoning, and deliberation

Epistemologists have become increasingly interested in the practical role of knowledge. One prominent principle, which I call PREMISE, states that if you know that p, then you are justified in using p as a premise in your reasoning. In response, a number of critics have proposed a variety of counter-examples. In order to evaluate these problem cases, we need to consider the broader context in which this principle is situated by specifying in greater detail the types of activity that the principle governs. I argue that if PREMISE is interpreted as governing deductive reasoning, then the examples lose their force. In addition, I consider the cases, discussed by Keith DeRose, where the subject is in more than one practical context at the same time. In order to account for these latter cases, we need to further specify the scope of PREMISE. I distinguish two ways of understanding PREMISE, as a knowledge-action principle and as a knowledge-deliberation principle. I conclude by arguing for the knowledge-deliberation version of the principle and by exploring what this principle says about the practical role of knowledge.     

Interfacial waves between piezoelectric and piezomagnetic half-spaces with magneto-electro-mechanical imperfect interface

Abstract

We study the propagation of shear horizontal waves between the interface of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic half-spaces with a magneto-electro-mechanical imperfect contact. Mechanical, electrical and magnetical imperfections are modelled by means of a spring, a capacitor and a inductor, respectively. A general expression for the dispersion relation not reported previously in literature is given in an explicit form, with the diverse limit cases analysed in detail. In some of these limit cases, new expressions are also obtained which predict the existence of interfacial waves. In the other cases, when already reported results exist, a comparison with them is done. Some physical interpretations are derived from the limit cases. The influence of mechanical, electrical and magnetical imperfect contacts are shown in some numerical examples.     

Whipple disease of the CNS

By the example of two cases that could only be cleared up by a postmortem examination the affection of the central nervous system by Whipple's disease is dealt with. The granulomatous inflammatory process which is almost exclusively localised in the grisea and shows a particular concentration in the diencephalon, in the cortex of the frontal, temporal and islet regions as well as in the deeper brain stem, had resulted in a variety of neurological-psychiatric symptoms, in most cases a systemic psychosyndrome, myoclonism and paresis of ocular movement. In both cases the diagnoses was verified by the electromicroscopic identification of the bacteria in the typical SPC cells.     

2009年贵阳市住院儿童手足口病病原学及临床特点

为了解贵阳地区2009年4月~9月儿童手足口病的病原学及临床特点。从住院的820例手足口病患儿中采集部分伴有重症倾向的244例患儿的肛试子和咽试子标本进行RT-PCR技术检测,并进行临床观察。218例检测到肠道病毒,占89.34%,其中138例为EV71,占63.30%。72例为CA16,占33.02%,两者之比1.92:1。不同年龄组的病原构成差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。重症病例EV71感染明显高于轻症病例,两者在临床特征方面差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2009年贵阳市住院儿童手足口病的主要病原是EV71和CA16;1岁~3岁的患儿EV71感染明显高于CA16,EV71比CA16更易引重症手足口病,重症病例与轻症病例在临床表现上有明显差异。     

Counterfactual discrimination

In counterfactual cases of discrimination, an agent would have treated someone worse had circumstances been different such that instead of being a member of her actual group, she was a member of some other group. The case for considering such cases to be genuine cases of discrimination is bolstered by the fact that we are inclined to say that cases where an agent would have treated someone better had she been a member of another group are discriminatory. But I argue that the cases are relevantly different: in one kind of case, but not the other, a person is harmed. I then consider and reject a number of objections to this suggestion.     

Rathke囊肿的诊断和治疗

为了分析和讨论Rathke囊肿的诊断和治疗,我们回顾性分析45例经病理证实的Rathke囊肿病例,其中38例采用经鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术,7例采用开颅手术。结果显示,术前明确诊断5例,术后患者症状均有不同程度的缓解或改善。因此,经鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术是治疗Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

Alcoholism and morphologic findings of the nervous system in autopsy cases

154 autopsy cases of alcoholics (120 men and 34 women) were investigated from a neuropathological viewpoint. In only 19 cases could typical diseases of the nervous system caused by alcoholism be found (Wernicke's encephalopathy, central pontine myelinolysis, Marchiafava-Bignami's disease and disorders of the peripheral nerves and muscles). In comparison liver diseases occurred almost five times more frequently in our own material. Diseases caused by alcoholism of the nervous system, the question of brain shrinkage and its partial reversibility, the up to now not completely known effects on the neurophil and cortical cytoarchitectonic are discussed according to the literature.     

On going (and getting) nowhere with our words: New skepticism about the philosophical method of cases

The philosophical “method of cases” has been the subject of intense discussion. In a recent paper, Frank Jackson attempts to vindicate the method by proposing that it is underwritten by the “representational view of language.” Jackson's proposal is potentially very significant. For if it is true, then the method of cases stands, but quite possibly also falls, with the representational view of language as characterized by Jackson. The aim of this paper is to question the philosophical method of cases by showing that it does in fact presuppose a particular view of language that is at the very least questionable, both philosophically and empirically.