荀韩政治法律思想的比较研究——兼论荀况所属学派的性质问题

荀况与韩非都是战国末期的新兴地主阶级的思想家。韩非是公认的集法家思想之大成者。他吸收了前期法家商鞅任法、申不害用术和慎到重势的思想,建立了以法治为主体的法、术、势相结合的法治思想体系,成为法家理论的著名代表人物。对此,学术界的意见向来是没有分歧的。至于荀况所属学派的性质问题,至今尚无统一的看法。一种意见认为:“在     

从《商书》看商代的人性思想

商人认为人的天性中包含有欲望,现实中人们的本性容易受到恶人的影响而变坏。此外,个人多行不义,是人性变恶的重要内因。同时,商人认为人性包含有某些不变的因素,例如现实人性中有追求安逸稳定的特点,这本身并无善恶可言,但当这种心理膨胀到妨害国家长治久安的利益时,就变成了恶。君王通过扬善伐恶的政治措施促进人性向善。对于个体的人性修养而言,克制私心、坚持道德学习是人性修养的重要途径。     

论科学的人性观及其在教育实践中的意义

一、人性论争何时休日常的生活和工作以及许许多多的科学都涉及人和人的发展。因此,人们常常不可避免地要提到人性。但什么是人性?人性是从哪里来的?中国历史上,许多思想家强调人性天赋。而对这种天赋的人性,有人主张“人性本善”。例如战国时的孟子认为,人生来就有恻(忄急)、羞恶、辞让、是非之心,它们是四个“善端”。在后天环境中,只要将这四个“善端”加以扩充。就会形成美好的道德;如果由于某种原因,“四端泯灭,那么人就失去了天性而趋向邪恶。另一些思想家则相反。主张“人性本恶”。例如,稍后于孟子的荀子,认为人生来就有追求利、欲、声、色和恶劳的本性。而人之为善,是后天习得的。这些后天习得的东西,苟子称为“伪”。他的基本思想是“人之性恶,其善者伪也”(荀子《性恶篇》),因此,教化的任务就是改造本性,去恶为善,即“化性起伪”。还有一些思想家认为,人的本性无所谓善恶,它像大     

法家司法思想探微

本文从四个方面考察了法家的司法思想，认为法家司法思想的理论根据是所谓“好利恶害”的人性论；司法的基本要素是明法（通晓法律、司法严明）、尊法（尊重法律、树立司法权威）、慎法（谨慎适用法律）和奉法（严格依法从事司法活动）等；对司法人员的基本要求是“破私任法”；司法的基本目标是“以刑去刑”。尽管法家对司法问题的论述不无偏颇之处，但也有一定的历史合理性，其中某些观点也不无借鉴意义。     

道、法人性论之维的现代审视

比起儒家,道家和法家的人性论不是非常典型。一谈到人性论,人们多想到人性善或人性恶,学术界也多以儒家的人性善恶为参照,以超人性善恶和人性恶界定道家和法家的人性论。初看起来,这种说法似乎很有道理,但进一步看,这种说法未能揭示出道家、法家人性论的内在特点,忽视了人性论的多维性。人性是复杂的,对人性问题的探讨也是多维的。那么,相对于儒家的人性善恶论,应该如何揭示道家和法家人性论的不同维度?通过道家和法家人性论的比较,是否有助于揭示道、法人性论的不同维度?本文试图探讨这些问题,为当代的人学研究提供参考。一、人性问题的先…     

《比较伦理学--东西方关于道德与法的关系》

日本筑波大学哲学教授汤浅泰雄认为,在以古代儒家为代表的人性观中,认为人的本性具有“良心←→放心”、“善←→恶”这种向逆方向可变特性的经验心理构造。在东方,人性从根本上来说是善又是恶的,不能局限于某一点。自秦汉帝国成立以后,以儒家为代表的德治主义和以法家为代表的法治主义一方面呈现出紧张关系,另方面它们又作为统治官僚集团的政治哲学互相对抗着,由此形成中     

先秦法家法治思想的衍变——以《管子》、《商君书》和《韩非子》为中心

中国的“法治”思想源远流长,始于先秦法家,从春秋时期的管仲提出“以法治国”的主张,到战国时期的商鞅治国重“法”,再到韩非“法术势”相结合的法治理论的构建,先秦法家的法治思想经历了一个从萌芽到发展再到成熟的衍变过程,但法家的法治思想始终没有脱出君主专制下“以法治国”的巢臼。     

《荀子》人性论的实质及逻辑理路

遵循以生言性的路径,《荀子》以情欲为人性之本,将人性论与形而上相剥离。由于人的欲望具有共同性,在欲多物寡的情况下,人性之“恶端”必然勃发。“恶端”是客观的,但它不是“原罪”,也不是人性中的一个部分或因素,而是一种诱因,一种在客观条件具备的情况下的必然趋势。《荀子》由自然性的性伪分导出社会性的性伪合,再由性伪合而申礼治,其人性论的实质是性有恶端可化论。在《荀子》,化性起伪的“化”不是改变而是教化之意,性伪合依旧立足于性伪分。     

“法儒”还是“儒法”?——荀子与法家关系重估

荀子与后期法家(李斯、韩非等)的关系,是一个重要的哲学史课题。荀子对法家人物采取批评的态度,对法家的法、术、势理念也并不认同,是能守住儒家之为儒家的根本价值的。诚然,荀子构建的制度化礼学,包含有一种强势性和僵化的可能,所以是"大醇而小疵"。而后期法家虽然对儒学进行过系统学习,但因根本出发点的不同,反而以此为资源来排斥儒家,并建构了法家自身的理论。因此,荀子和法家之间更多的是距离感,而不是亲和关系;荀子当为"法儒"而不是"儒法"。     

道教法思想初探

道教的政治哲学,直接继承了战国、秦汉黄老道家的精神传统,既固守黄老自然无为的核心理念,又充分吸收了法家的合理思想成分,对"法"、"术"、"势"的为治功能予以充分的肯定,形成了以道德为主,法术势为辅的政治哲学理念。     

The Role of Evil in Kant's Liberalism

Carl Schmitt distinguishes between political theories in terms of whether they rest on the anthropological assumption that man is evil by nature or on the anthropological assumption that man is good by nature, and he claims that liberal political theory is based on the latter assumption. Contrary to this claim, I show how Kant's liberalism is shaped by his theory of the radical evil in human nature, and that his liberalism corresponds to the characterization of liberalism that Schmitt himself offers. My discussion of this issue will be shown to have certain implications with respect to the view that for Kant evil is the product of society. I show that this view is mistaken insofar as it fails to recognize that Kant's political philosophy implies that human beings require the type of society that best suits their radically evil natures, namely, a commercial one in which the “vices of culture” largely have free play, while the state's role is limited to that of preventing the antagonisms found in society leading to the mutual destruction of its members.     

What is so Good about Moral Freedom?

Many Christian philosophers believe that it is a great good that human beings are free to choose between good and evil, so good indeed that God is justified in putting up with a great many evil choices for the sake of it. But many of the same Christian philosophers also believe that God is essentially good – good in every possible world. Unlike his sinful human creatures, God cannot choose between good and evil. In that sense, he is not 'morallyFree'. It is not easy to see how to fit these two theses into a single coherent package. If moral freedom is such a great good in human beings, why is it not a grave defect in God that he lacks it? And if the lack of moral freedom does not detract in any way from God's greatness, would it not have been better for us not to have it? I develop, but ultimately reject, what I take to be the most initially promising strategy for resolving this dilemma.     

《自然法论文集》

这里,洛克讨论了两个主题:是否有自然法?如何认识自然法?经验向人类表明,如果没有自然法,则无良心、善恶之分,甚至不会有人类社会的存在。但是,如果的确有自然法,又何以并非人人受其约束?这表明自然法绝非人人知晓的天赋观念。显然也不可能经由传统、教育和普遍同意来获得自然法的知识,因为传统、权威学说千差万别。所以,在洛克看来,人唯有依凭其本性,即感觉经验与理性这两种天赋能力的共同指引获得自然法的知识,它之普遍性寓于共同的人性中,即寓于洛克所认为的人之共有的感觉经验与理性领悟中。而对如何认识自然法的论述也初步表达了其经验知识论的思想。     

中国古代"恶"之存在论与价值论探讨

从存在论角度来说,人的本质属性——自然属性与社会属性构成中国古代性恶论的前提和根据。从价值论层面而言,古代性恶论者主张抑恶扬善或存善除恶。这就导致古代性恶论的悖论,一方面在存在论上肯定"恶"有存在的事实和根据,另方面在价值论上却否定"恶"的正当性和合理性。正是因为性恶论者最终的价值取向是使人成善、为善,性恶论和性善论在善恶问题上是殊途同归的:在存在论意义上是殊途——性恶论者道性恶而性善论者道性善,而在价值论意义上是同归——为善。但在去"恶"、除"恶"的正统思想之外,宋明时期的功利学派却不同程度地肯定了"恶"的正当性和合理性。     

Reconciliation and Mission

This article discusses the message and ministry of reconciliation with a view to both its biblical content and its contemporary missional application. Within a salvation historical framework of missio Dei, the article outlines the biblical narrative about human beings created in the image of God for personal relationships with God, self, other people, and nature; the fall in sin and the human predicament that necessitate reconciliation; the historical reconciliation provided by God through the incarnation, atoning death, and victorious resurrection of Christ (the first stage); the message of reconciliation in the mission of the church; the present reception of reconciliation through faith in that message (the second stage); and the results of reconciliation both in relation to God (“vertical reconciliation”) and among human beings in the church and in the world (“horizontal reconciliation”), with an emphasis on peace, unity, love, forgiveness, righteousness, and freedom. Christ’s victory over and subjugation of all evil spirit powers are described as “cosmic reconciliation.” Because reconciliation may be partial in this world where sin still exists and evil powers are active, the eschatological hope is for a final reconciliation where the relationships to God, to other human beings, and to a recreated world are renewed and consummated.     

Moral Evil,Freedom and the Goodness of God: Why Kant Abandoned Theodicy

Kant proclaimed that all theodicies must fail in ‘On the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy’, but it is mysterious why he did so since he had developed a theodicy of his own during the critical period. In this paper, I offer an explanation of why Kant thought theodicies necessarily fail. In his theodicy, as well as in some of his works in ethics, Kant explained moral evil as resulting from unavoidable limitations in human beings. God could not create finite beings without such limitations and so could not have created humans that were not prone to committing immoral acts. However, the work of Carl Christian Eberhard Schmid showed Kant that given his own beliefs about freedom and the nature of responsibility one could not account for moral evil in this way without tacitly denying that human beings were responsible for their actions. This result is significant not only because it explains an otherwise puzzling shift in Kant's philosophy of religion, but also because it shows that the theodicy essay provides powerful evidence that Kant's thinking about moral evil and freedom underwent fundamental shifts between early works such as the Groundwork and later works like the Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason.     

逆性与顺性——荀子人性论的内在紧张

本文从一个新的角度(逆性与顺性的内在紧张 )来讨论荀子的人性论。逆性的思想主要表现于《性恶》一篇。但是 ,荀子的人性论思想不仅表现于此篇中 ,而且还表现于其他篇 (如《礼论》、《王霸》等 )。本文认为 ,在《性恶》以外的诸篇中 ,荀子有明显的顺性思想 ,从而意味着性不恶。针对一般论者只局限于《性恶》一篇来考察荀子的人性论 ,本文强调他篇的意义。本文还试图从几种路子来解释荀子人性论逆性与顺性的紧张 ,并把他的性恶论与韩非以及西方的性恶论略作比较。     

佛教的善的思想的心理诠释

佛教的宗旨是众善奉行诸恶莫作,认为人的先天本性无分善恶,亲近善知识能形成善的心理,亲近恶知识会形成恶的心理。佛教相信善有善报恶有恶报,鼓励人们行善积德。佛教认为欲望是恶的根源,控制欲望,通过戒定慧、八正道等方式能达到善的心理状态。佛教关于善的先天本性的观点、善恶形成的思想以及善的自我修养方法符合心理学的有关规律。佛教的崇善理念及善的修养思想对于构建社会主义核心价值观的友善价值准则具有积极意义。     

东西方文化的人性观差异及其对道德认知的影响

人性观,即认为人性究竟是本善的还是本恶的,不仅是哲学思辨的焦点,也是日常生活中形成的一种常人理论(lay theory)。对于东西方文化传统的检视表明,西方文化占主导地位的是性恶论人性观,东方文化占主导地位的则是性善论人性观。研究通过实证数据支持了这一结论,发现中国被试相对于美国被试,对于人性的主观评定更倾向于性善的一端(研究1)。这种人性观差异导致中国被试在道德方面,尤其是规范性道德(行善)方面,对人提出了更高的要求(研究1),并且这种因果关系得到了启动实验的支持(研究2)。这些研究结果有助于人们更好地理解文化如何塑造了人们对于人性和道德的看法。     

Kazimierz Dabrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration and the American Humanistic Psychology

The author discusses the differences and similarities between Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration and the theories of the American Humanistic psychologists. All are personality growth theories; however, the philosophical assumptions underlying the theories differ. The Humanistic psychologists subscribe to eudaimonistic ethics of self-fulfillment and happiness, whereas Dabrowski follows the Existentialists and stresses the dignity of human beings. He stresses the suffering associated with the attainment of higher levels of spiritual development. Underlying these different views on the nature of human existence may be differing assumptions about the metaphysics of evil. Theologians have discussed the metaphysics of evil since the early days of the church as the problem of theodicy. This article suggests that the American Humanistic psychologists and Dabrowski implicitly followed different theodicies. This could account for the resistance to Dabrowksi's theory in North America.