Chinese Religiosity and Chinese Science of Nature

Fung Yu-lan has suggested that Chinese philosophers have been unreceptive to modern science. This suggestion, however, has not been substantiated. This essay is an attempt to provide a justification of Fung＇s assertion through an existential analysis of the Chinese concepts of nature. The essay will examine Chinese existential concerns prevailing in Daoism and Confucianism, and these systems＇ distaste for the type of scientific study which has become prevalent in the modern world. I also intend to defend the claim that the ultimate concern of the Zhuangzi and the Zhongyong is completely contrary to the one that sustains modern science. A brief comparative discussion between Xu Guangqi and Galileo Galilei will be used to support this claim. My discussion will raise the contention that, to have a better understanding of the development of modern science in China, we have to understand the attitude toward religion that has underpinned modern science.     

“中国经验”与中国化的马克思主义

马克思主义与中国实际相结合,才能实现中国化,化出一个中国化的马克思主义。与中国实际相结合,既是说用马克思主义为指导分析和研究中国的具体国情和实际问题,同时更包含着重视和研究“中国经验”。“中国经验”是非常复杂的,也是活生生的流变着的现象,是任何抽象的概念和教条都无法框定的。这就需要破除一些观念误区,真正把握马克思主义的精神实质,丰富和发展马克思主义的基本理论。中国特色社会主义理论,就是当代发展着的马克思主义。     

Minds,programs, and Chinese philosophers: A Chinese perspective on the Chinese room

The paper is concerned with John Searle’s famous Chinese room argument. Despite being objected to by some, Searle’s Chinese room argument appears very appealing. This is because Searle’s argument is based on an intuition about the mind that ‘we’ all seem to share. Ironically, however, Chinese philosophers don’t seem to share this same intuition. The paper begins by first analysing Searle’s Chinee room argument. It then introduces what can be seen as the (implicit) Chinese view of the mind. Lastly, it demonstrates a conceptual difference between Chinese and Western philosophy with respect to the notion of mind. Thus, it is shown that one must carefully attend to the presuppositions underlying Chinese philosophising in interpreting Chinese philosophers. The first draft of this essay was written as a record of the thought which struck me in midst of delivering a lecture on the Chinese view of the mind. I would like to thank Jay Garfield for suggesting me to write a paper based on the record. Many thanks also go to Tim Bayne for his comments on earlier drafts of the paper which led to many improvements. I have also greatly benefited from the comments of the anonymous referees solicited for this journal.     

《周易》与中国文化

本文立足中国文化独特性的视野,探讨了易学在中国文化中的地位问题,提出应该按照中国文化本身的结构、途径和方法来看易学带给它的作用,由之进一步地论述了易学对传统文化的深远影响,接着通过对简帛文献的分析,有力地说明了孔子对易学的开创性贡献.     

Philosophy and Chinese Philosophy

Philosophy can be divided into two systems, i.e. the vertical and the horizontal. Characterized with the creation of spirit and the logical evolution of concepts, the vertical system expresses historical reflections on the achievements of human culture. Meanwhile, the horizontal system focuses on the analysis of cognitive activities to explore the nature of subject and object, the elements of knowledge, and the basis of its certainty. Chinese philosophers, such as Hu Shih, Fung Yulan, Zhang Dainian, Mou Zongsan and Zhang Shiying, have previously explored the various definitions of philosophy. Their explorations manifest the internationalization of Chinese philosophy during different eras. This paper defines philosophy as human beings’ awareness of their environment and systematical reflections on their activities and ensuing consequences. As part of world philosophy, Chinese philosophy encapsulates the essence of Chinese culture, as the thinking method of Chinese people, and as a set of thought systems possessing a unique style.     

解释学与中国哲学

随着解释学 (Ｈｅｒｍｅｎｅｕｔｉｃｓ,又译诠释学 )在中国的传播和研究的日益深入 ,作为一种具有普遍意义的文本诠释的方法 ,它越来越受到学术界的重视。除了译介和阐发伽达默尔、利科尔等解释学大师的理论之外 ,海内外学者也试图在普泛化理解的背景下 ,把解释学和中国传统思想的研究结合起来 ,并尝试建立具有中国特色的诠释论体系和诠释学方法。下面我们以傅伟勋、成中英、黄俊杰、汤一介等 4位先生的工作为例 ,来看一下这股趋势的一般状况和可能的发展前景。一、傅伟勋的“创造的诠释学”在华人学者当中 ,傅伟勋教授 (1 933- 1 996 )是…     

基督教与近代中国

基督教在近代中国的传教事业,依仗不平等条约的庇护,被视为“骑在炮弹上”传播福音。近代中国是基督教教会与民众冲突最为激烈的时期。传教士们推动的文教事业,以文化征服为主要目的,遭到中国社会各阶层的强烈抵制。20年代的非基督教运动高举科学与民主的旗帜,是中国知识阶层的理性批判。在近代中国民族主义思潮的推动下,中国基督教徒走上了“爱教必定爱国”的康庄大道。     

汉字与心理原型

汉字中包含着心理原型 ,这种心理原型既具有深远的文化心理学方面的意义 ,具有其潜在的心理影响力 ;同时也具有认知心理学方面的意义 ,能够体现在概念形成、模式识别和原型启发等诸多方面。本文作者对于汉字原型的研究 ,是为了发挥汉字潜在的心理意义 ,尤其是汉字所包含的文化心理学的意义。1　汉字与心理原型的内涵心理学中所使用的“原型”概念 ,一般具有两个方面的含义 :其一是侧重于文化心理和集体无意识范畴的“原型”(Ａｒｃｈｅｔｙｐｅ) ;其二是侧重于认知过程和创造心理方面的“原型”(Ｐｒｏｔｏｔｙｐｅ)。实际上 ,这两种原型概…     

道与中国文化

《道德经》是讲道的。中国文化上下五千年其实都来源于这个道,所以中国文化的中心要点就是一个"道"字。"道"这个字是广义的,用现在的话说就是宏观     

Chinese and Americans see opposite apparent motions in a Chinese character

The perceived direction of apparent motion can be influenced by both "top-down" factors, such as expectation, and by "bottom-up" or stimulus-driven factors, such as grouping (Tse, P., Cavanagh, P. & Nakayama, K. (1998). The role of parsing in high-level motion processing. In T. Watanabe, High-level motion processing - computational, neurobiological and psychophysical perspectives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). Here we report the results of a single experiment that pitted top-down cues against bottom-up cues in an apparent motion sequence over the successive strokes of a Chinese character. Although each stroke was in fact presented all at once, subjects raised in China tended to see apparent motion over a single stroke in the direction it would have taken when drawn by hand, even though bottom-up cues drive a percept of apparent motion in the opposite direction for observers unfamiliar with the Chinese language. There is therefore a learned component to motion perception arising from top-down expectations capable of overriding bottom-up cues to motion.     

论中医养生内涵与中国传统文化

以古代文献为依据,研究中医养生内涵与中国传统文化形态闻的密切关联.认为道家文化是中医养生理论的思想渊源,儒家的养德、致中和、卫生思想促进和丰富了中医养生,佛家的思想对中医养生文化起到补充作用.相互间不断发生碰撞,彼此交融渗透,最终发展成独具特色的中医养生体系.     

道教和谚语

我将中国道教信仰和民间口头文学联系起来研究,是从上世纪80年代中期开始的,其间经中国道教协会研究室李养正先生鼓励与支持,撰写成《道教与中国民间文学》一书,于91年交付文津出版社,作为“道教文化丛书”的首册在海峡对岸的台北市出版。问世后激起的热烈反响超出我的预料,旅居海外多年的民间文艺学家谭达先,在《民间文学论坛》上刊出长篇书评《喜读刘守华的道教与中国民间文学———兼谈道教与谚语、谜语的关系》,此文特别吸引我的地方,并不在于它的那些溢美之词,如称本书“达到了独创、新颖、深刻的境界,给中国道教与民间文学研究打开了…     

道教与中国传统天文学关系考略

本文从先秦道家遗风之影响,“天人合一”、“身国同治”的思维模式,天体的崇拜与敬畏,求道证道的需要等几个方面探讨了道教与天文学的关联。指出：道教神学理论体系建构,道教各种内外丹养生修仙方术的发展和完善,需要道门中人掌握一定的天文学知识。道教神仙谱系的建立是以天体宇宙的模型为基本构架的,而道教天层结构模型的建构离不开天文学知识,道教神学信仰和思想需要通过一定的形式来表达。道教科仪仪式的实施,特别是醮坛的设计、步罡踏斗之类的科仪程式的编排也需要掌握一定的天文宇宙知识。早期天师道教区组织二十四治、二十八治的设置,即运用了二十四节气和二十八宿等天文知识,形成了一个有严密组织的教区系统。总之,道门出于星占的宗教政治诉求和延年益寿需要,仰观天文、俯察地理,从而形成了夜观星象的传统。     

道教服食药与中医食疗

饮食疗法,古时简称食疗、食治。原始人在寻找食物的过程中,偶然发现某些食物,吃后可以增强体力,减少疾病,遂由偶然食用到主动寻找,经过长期实践积累,逐步得出了一些经验,形成了食、养、医相结合的理论体系。在周朝就有了食医的分科,乃至《黄帝内经》成书,书中汲取道家阴阳学说及与天地相应的理论思想,指出“在天为气,在地成形,气形相咸,     

道教与中国古代历法

道教与中国古代历法关系十分密切,其内修外养均强调顺天应时,离不开对自然节候的把握.节气时辰对于道门中人来说,是一个极关键的问题.     

Meritorious Evaluation Bias: How Chinese Undergraduates Perceive and Evaluate Chinese and Foreign Creators

This study examined how Chinese young people perceived Chinese and foreign creators with a meritorious evaluation bias. Two separate studies were conducted. In Study 1, a pool of the most noted Chinese creators was generated and they were rated on degree of creativity and social contribution. In Study 2, a pool of the most noted foreign creators was generated and they were rated on degree of creativity and social contribution. In addition, 20 most noted historical and modern Chinese creators were singled out from Study 1 and were rated on degree of creativity and social contribution as well. 414 and 212 undergraduates from two universities in Hong Kong and Guangzhou were sampled to participate in these studies respectively. The results showed that the Chinese and foreign creators who distinguished themselves in meritorious salience of a person's creativity were more likely to be nominated and were rated higher on social contribution than on creativity. Scientists, inventors, and to some extent, politicians were the most often nominated figures of creativity. Artists, musicians and entertainers were the least often nominated figures of creativity.     

Daoism and Chinese Martial Arts

The now-global phenomenon of Asian martial arts traces back to something that began in China. The idea the Chinese communicated was the dual cultivation of the spiritual and the martial, each perfected in the other, with the proof of perfection being an effortless mastery of violence. I look at one phase of the interaction between Asian martial arts and Chinese thought, with a reading of the Zhuangzi 莊子 and the Daodejing 道德經 from a martial arts perspective. I do not claim that the authors knew about martial arts. It was not Daoist masters who took up martial arts, but martial arts masters who, at a specific time, turned to Daoism to explain the significance of their art. Today, though, Daoist concepts are ubiquitous in martial arts literature, and a reading of these classics from a martial arts perspective shows how they lend themselves to philosophical thinking about this practice.