超常儿童心理研究十年

本文总结了我国超常儿童心理发展十年研究主要结果。 内容分五个部分:(Ⅰ)简要地考察了从神童到超常儿童概念的历史发展。(Ⅱ)概述了我国研究者关于超常与常态儿童认知和个性以及两者关系比较研究的结果。(Ⅲ)总结了对超常儿童的鉴别原则、程序及实践。(Ⅳ)分析了我国关于超常儿童和少年的教育实验,指出了进展、主要特点和现实意义。最后,是对我国超常儿童研究协作组坚持十年协作研究作用的评价。     

对中学超常儿童的教育实验——北京八中首届超常实验班追踪研究

为期四年的超常儿童的教育实验,详细考察了超常儿童在特殊班级教育条件下的学习潜力、认知和个性发展及身体发育等情况。结果显示,这种教育形式既适应了超常儿童较大的学习潜力,促进了他们认知的进一步发展,激发了他们积极的个性特征,而且身体发育良好。从而证明,特殊班级的集体教育对中学阶段的超常儿童是一种有效的教育形式。     

认知方式与幼儿部分遮挡绘画关系的研究

本研究考察了５—６岁儿童不同认知方式对部分遮挡绘画任务的影响。实验设定不同形式的误导情境,共有两部分组成。研究结果表明：１．儿童绘画表征水平的发展存在个别差异。２．在误导情境下,场独立儿童比场依存儿童能保持较稳定的策略选择倾向。３．画两个相同物体的遮挡要难于画两个不同物体的遮挡。４．在符号概念编码和空间编码中间存在着一些过渡形态。     

超常儿童和常态儿童之间人格特征的比较研究

超常儿童和常态儿童之间人格特征的比较研究李淑艳（佳木斯师专）１问题的提出近年来,对非智力因素探讨很受重视,对于超常儿童也不例外．国外有对超常儿童动机类型、独立性、情绪稳定性自我概念方面的研究等等．关于超常儿童和常态儿童在人格特征方面系统的对比研究则很...     

超常儿童心理发展追踪研究五年

为适应我国实现四个现代化早出人才,多出人才,出好人才的需要,1978年我们开始对超常儿童心理发展进行了协作调查和追踪研究。 本研究采取对超常和常态儿童进行动态纵向的比较研究。研究中运用多种指标和各种方法,突出以思惟为重点,并兼顾了非智力因素。 五年来研究表明,超常与常态儿童之间的差异不仅表现在发展的程度和速度方面,而且表现在发展的过程,形式和特点方面。研究并初步总结和概括了超常儿童多种类型,共同的心理特点,以及成长的主要条件。     

儿童早期心理洞察力的发展─—关于儿童社会认知的又一个研究方向

关于儿童心理洞察力发展的研究开始于８０年代初期,心理学家将个体认识自己和他人心理状态的系统性知识结构统称为个体的“心态理论”（ｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｆｍｉｎｄ）模式。在这个模式中包含着人的各种社会心理因素,如思想、信念、愿望、意图、情感等,各因素间里逻辑性联系,该模式为人的行为提供一种因果性解释机制。“心态理论”模式的发展对儿童社会认知、适应性行为以及元认知等方面的发展都具有重要促进作用。该研究涉及许多具体方面,本文主要提及下述几方面的研究：儿童早期对情绪的理解、儿童早期对伪误言行的理解以及儿童孤独症的表现等。大部分研究发现,３—４岁是儿童早期心理洞察力发展的重要年龄。     

儿童和少年情绪障碍相关社会心理因素探讨

儿童和少年情绪障碍是一组由家庭环境因素、认知倾向和个性心理等多种社会心理因素共同作用、相互影响的疾病。家庭是一个系统,对儿童和少年的心理和行为的塑造存在影响。家庭环境和个性因素是以认知倾向为中介产生对情绪的影响,家庭环境因素又影响了认知倾向的形成和个性的发展。从以上三个方面进行探讨,旨在为儿童和少年情绪障碍者的心理干预提供科学的理论依据。     

母亲教育方式与学龄前儿童心理发展的关系研究

本研究以849名学前儿童及其母亲为研究对象,探讨了母亲教育方式与学前儿童心理发展的关系.心理行为发展包括亲社会行为、认知发展、学习能力、焦虑表现、退缩行为、独立性、注意分散、对事物的兴趣等方面,由幼儿的教师进行评价;不同教育方式类型的母亲由聚类分析结果划分.复方差分析及单因素方差分析和多重组间比较的结果表明:来自不同教育方式家庭的儿童其心理的发展存在显着差异,且这种差异不因儿童年龄、性别的变化而变化;来自积极型教育方式家庭中的儿童在心理发展的多方面都优于其他教育方式家庭中的儿童,而处于极端型教育方式中的儿童则在心理发展的各个方面都有较多的不良表现,来自严厉型、成就压力型和溺爱型家庭的儿童也在不同侧面存在或多或少的发展问题.     

儿童心理折叠能力的发展

本研究主要考察儿童心理折叠能力的发展。结果表明：（１）一般情况下,学生的心理折叠能力随年级（年龄）的上升而提高;（２）智力高的学生的心理折叠能力显著高于常态学生,而且,智力与年级之间存在较强的交互作用说明,智力是影响心理折叠能力发展的主要因素;（３）在本文所涉及的条件下,就总体而言,男生的心理折叠成绩高于女生。但这种性别差异主要不是来自常态组,而来自超常组;（４）不同被试组儿童的心理折叠能力具有不定全一致的发展曲线。     

3—6岁超常与常态儿童感知观察力的比较研究

本实验是全国超常儿童研究协作组为鉴别超常儿童认知能力设计的一套实验之一。目的是探讨3—6岁常态儿童感知观察力在数量和质量两方面的水平与特点,为鉴别超常儿童的感知观察力取得参照指标。 实验是根据观察过程的特点进行设计的。实验的结果,经检验效度与信度较高,因此本实验对3—6岁儿童感知观察力的测量是有鉴别力的。 通过实验发现在3—6岁常态儿童之间观察能力的发展是不平衡的,3岁与4岁之间发展得快,在数量与质量两方面都比其它年龄阶段之间发展得幅度大。 通过超常儿童与常态儿童的比较研究,发现4岁超常儿童与常态儿童之间,在质量方面的差异比数量方面的差异更为显著。这一结果,对今后超常儿童研究工作的重点具有参考的价值。     

超常与普通儿童元记忆知识发展的实验研究

本研究主要探讨超常儿童与普通儿童早期元记忆知识的发展。运用对偶图片对被试的个体变量、项目变量、过程变量、策略变量、遗忘与回忆变量知识分别进行了考察。结果表明,5—7岁儿童是元记忆知识快速发展的时期,每一年龄组儿童的元记忆知识总体水平都显著地高于低一年龄组的儿童;超常儿童的元记忆知识水平均与高一年龄组的普通儿童基本相同,与超常儿童发展的单一优势模式相吻合。     

The origins and ends of giftedness

Five issues about giftedness are discussed. First, the origins of giftedness are explored. The view that giftedness is entirely a product of training is critiqued. There is indirect evidence for atypical brain organization and innate talent in gifted children: Many gifted children and savants have enhanced right-hemisphere development, language-related difficulties, and autoimmune disorders. Second, the intense motivation of gifted children is discussed. Third, it is argued that gifted children have social and emotional difficulties that set them apart. Fourth, evidence for the often uneven cognitive profiles of such children is presented. Finally, the relationship between childhood giftedness and "domain" creativity in adulthood is discussed. Few gifted children go on to become adult creators because the skills and personality factors required to be a creator are very different from those typical of even the most highly gifted children.     

L'accession à l'opérativité formelle chez les enfants intellectuellement précoces

This study is an attempt to contribute data concerning the cognitive functioning and development of intellectually gifted children, at the threshold of formal operational stage. It ascribes to the theory of the operational development of intelligence according to Piaget. “Gifted”, children and “average” children of an equivalent mental age (12 years and 6 months) were compared. A second group of gifted children of the same chronological age as the average children completed this study. Longeot's “Échelle de Développement de la Pensée Logique” was used for all the subjects. The results reveal dissynchronical aspects within the genesis of gifted children. They are discussed taking into account the task characteristics (type of reasoning they require) and functional specificities of compared subjects.     

6～12岁儿童人格发展的群组序列追踪研究

研究采用整群抽样法选取9个年龄群组小学生为被试,应用群组序列追踪设计,进行为期一年半4个时间点的测量,并运用潜变量增长曲线模型和多层线性模型进行数据分析,探讨了6~12岁儿童人格的年龄和性别发展特点。结果发现:(1)在整个小学阶段,认真自控呈持续的线性上升发展,智能特征、外倾性、亲社会性、情绪稳定性的发展呈现出先快速发展,而后发展放缓,在高年级出现下降的趋势。(2)女孩的认真自控在6岁时的初始值高于男孩,而且在整个小学阶段内的发展速度也快于男孩。     

Do academically gifted and nongifted students differ on the Big-Five and adaptive status? Some recent data and conclusions

This study examined a representative sample of academically gifted (N = 374) and non-gifted (N = 428) Israeli high-school students in order to compare these different student populations on the Big-Five and adaptive outcomes. Consistent with prior research, gifted students scored higher than non-gifted peers on Openness to Experience but scored lower on Neuroticism. In addition, gifted students scored lower on state anxiety facets and were not reliably different from their nongifted counterparts on mental distress or subjective well being. Overall, the empirical data are consistent with recent research suggesting that when gifted students are compared with nongifted students on various socio-emotional and personality characteristics, the results are not unfavorable to gifted students.     

Vulnerabilities of Academically Gifted Students

Abstract

It is often assumed that gifted students enjoy relatively good social and emotional adjustment, vibrant mental health, and overall well being. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and a significant number of gifted students experience painful, troubling and often debilitating psychological problems. Gifted children and youth possess a set of personality characteristics that make them uniquely vulnerable. School personnel and parents need to be cognizant of these risk factors so that they can provide coordinated and comprehensive educational and social opportunities to foster resilience and, when needed, provide preventive and therapeutic mental health interventions for those gifted students with actual psychological problems.     

6～9岁儿童特质观与其人格特质的关系

为考察特质观与稳定的行为方式之间的关系,采用情境故事法和问卷法分别对180名6～9岁儿童进行了特质稳定性理解的个别测查和人格特质的教师评定。结果发现,持三种不同特质观（实体论、中间论、渐变论）的6～9岁儿童开始在认真有恒、自制稳重、聪慧性、开朗活泼和同情利他五种人格特质行为上表现出显著差异;6～9岁儿童的特质观能够预测以上五种人格特质,丽儿童“开朗插泼”和“聪慧性”特质行为的线性组合是预测儿童特质观的最佳指标。这些研究结论有助于说明关于特质的认知在调解和制约个体稳定的行为理解和反应中的重要作用,验证了人格认知流派的观点;支持了认知与人格之间交互作用的理论假设;对于解释年幼儿童发展中的不适应问题具有一定的意义。     

中国儿童青少年人格发展与培养研究三十年

儿童青少年人格发展与培养是新世纪全面推进素质教育的一个关键性问题。自1981年以来,我们将理论研究、实证研究和经验总结有机结合,在全面系统地评述儿童人格发展理论的基础上,采用综合研究方法对我国儿童青少年人格进行全方位系统研究,基本构建出我国儿童青少年,特别是儿童人格发展与教育的基本框架。本文将具体阐述我们三十多年来对于儿童青少年人格发展研究的成果,系统地阐述儿童青少年人格及重要特质的结构,发展的一般特点,影响儿童青少年人格发展的因素,以及培养儿童健全人格发展的有效模式,并对未来的研究提出建议。     

Social-emotional characteristics of gifted accelerated and non-accelerated students in the Netherlands

Background. In the studies of acceleration conducted so far a multidimensional perspective has largely been neglected. No attempt has been made to relate social-emotional characteristics of accelerated versus non-accelerated students in perspective of environmental factors. Aims. In this study, social-emotional characteristics of accelerated gifted students in the Netherlands were examined in relation to personal and environmental factors. Samples. Self-concept and social contacts of accelerated (n = 148) and non-accelerated (n = 55) gifted students, aged 4 to 27 (M = 11.22, SD = 4.27) were measured. Method. Self-concept and social contacts of accelerated and non-accelerated gifted students were measured using a questionnaire and a diary, and parents of these students evaluated their behavioural characteristics. Gender and birth order were studied as personal factors and grade, classroom, teachers’ gender, teaching experience, and the quality of parent-school contact as environmental factors. Results. The results showed minimal differences in the social-emotional characteristics of accelerated and non-accelerated gifted students. The few differences we found favoured the accelerated students. We also found that multiple grade skipping does not have negative effects on social-emotional characteristics, and that long-term effects of acceleration tend to be positive. As regards the possible modulation of personal and environmental factors, we merely found an impact of such factors in the non-accelerated group. Conclusions. The results of this study strongly suggest that social-emotional characteristics of accelerated gifted students and non-accelerated gifted students are largely similar. These results thus do not support worries expressed by teachers about the acceleration of gifted students. Our findings parallel the outcomes of earlier studies in the United States and Germany in that we observed that acceleration does not harm gifted students, not even in the case of multiple grade skipping. On the contrary, there is a suggestion in the data that accelerated students are more socially competent than non-accelerated students. The findings in this study can reassure those parents and teachers who worry about the social-emotional consequences of acceleration in school: If a student is gifted, acceleration seems to be a sound and, in many cases, appropriate measure in gifted education.