早期儒家"礼"的宗教思想

"礼"是整个儒家思想的核心内容,是前现代中国社会人们思想、行为的最高规范,是维系社会生活的纽带.在早期儒家"礼"的体系中,充满了浓重的宗教信仰的思想.其信仰形态和过程,是由信仰天地、鬼神而推衍社会、人事的,並由此建构起一套完整的信仰系统,来指导人们的社会生活.三代"礼"学,表现出自发宗教的崇拜特征,春秋战国,人为宗教信仰贯穿到了"礼"学,形成了"神道设教"的"礼教",使得宗教与宗法、信仰与道德、神性与理性、理想与实践,趋向于和谐、统一.     

中国传统社会价值取向论析——以"福"、"禄"、"寿"三星为例

国民的价值取向是民族文化心理中最深层的内核,总要借助于一定的感性形式表现出来."人间福禄寿,天上三吉星."中国传统社会生活中最常见的"福"、"禄"、"寿"三星,恰好可以作为国民价值取向的三种表征,至今仍深刻地影响规范着国民的思想行为.在分析和总结传统社会价值取向的基础上,建立一种既符合我国传统,又顺应时代潮流的现代意义的价值体系,谋求文化深层价值取向和基本精神的相对统一,这正是目前我国文化界的当务之急.     

论"义·利·礼·法"关系的历史建构及其当代意义

中国传统诸子的义利观表现出一定的差异性,它们在本质上具有"义利合一"的社会价值取向.从一般意义上来说.传统社会的"义利之辨"的最终目的是通过"义"的确立来设定个体利益获得方式的评价标准."义"是社会交往的抽象原则,而"礼"则是"义"的具体化."礼"是通过"分"来实现的.将"礼"的规定以法律条文的形式加以公布即是"法".在传统社会中,"礼"相对于"法"来说具有指导性地位."礼"与"法"实质上是对"利"的一种调整机制."义·利·礼·法"关系的历史建构与展开对于当代中国的道德与法律建设具有重要的借鉴意义.     

援仁入礼仁礼互动——对"克已复礼为仁"的再考察

一、援仁入礼 在<论语>中,我们没有看到孔子关于什么是"礼"的论述,没有给"礼"下定义.这可以说是孔子的一贯风格,就如同他从来不给"仁"下定义一样,而只是在对"仁"的具体实践中言"仁",在对"礼"的具体实行中言"礼".     

儒家“礼”的观念与现代世界

礼是生活的规则体系,也是儒家组织社会的理想方式;礼文化在儒家的理想中可分为乐、义、仪、俗、制、教六种正义,而礼的精神是倡导道德与文明;宋代以后儒家礼学从重视“国家”取向转变为重视“社会”取向;儒家礼文化以“秩序”为首出的文化模式,可以成为有益于人类面对21世纪挑战的文化资源。     

《管子》中的"德"及其现代价值

"德"是中国文化中最根本的观念之一.<管子>中的"德"因循"天德"、"帝德"观念,认为"德"与"道"相通,与自然秩序节律及其生态机制相切合;"德"由上而下,始于君王,教化百姓,是仁、义、礼、法乃至一切社会秩序的基础,在"富国安民"、"经世致用"中具有统领性的意义.现代社会面临人与自然、人与社会、人与自身以及国家区域与人类共同体等诸多冲突和不协调,中国着力构建社会主义和谐社会,<管子>中的"德"具有重要的借鉴意义.     

关于"禅宗"的一点见解

在佛教传入中国以前,儒、道文化是中国文化的主流.在美学领域儒、道文化更是各有千秋,但是又有着相同之处.儒家文化的核心是"仁"、"礼"它是以"仁"为根基,偏重于伦理学."仁"在儒家的思想之中是最高的境界,但是这个境界是可以达到的,如<孟子·告子下>即说"人皆可以为尧舜"[1].     

建构"两纲八目"的未成年人道德养成德目规范体系

以忠、孝、仁、义、礼、勤、俭,信、和、耻为内容的"两纲八目"德目规范体系言约义丰,是未成年人道德养成的目标和基础.承接中华民族传统美德,立足当代中国公民最基本的品德要求,吸纳人类道德文明成果,易为未成年人记循等是建构这一体系的依据.二级德目的提炼设计遵循了与优秀传统美德的连接、注重贴紧生活实际、体现社会对未成年人最基本品德要求的原则.     

简论中国"礼"文化中的生态伦理观

中国是"礼仪之邦",中华民族文化的基础是"礼".中华民族文化的"礼"源于自然,体现了中华文明"天人合一"、"天人合德"的核心思想."礼"文化中所蕴涵的生态伦理观是现代社会可持续发展战略追寻,探索的目标之一,是建构现代和谐社会的文化精髓.中华民族文化中的生态伦理观,对建构现代和谐社会的生态关系及生态伦理学具有重大意义.     

伦理范畴的本体论化--"诚"概念从先秦至宋代的变化

在日常生活中,我们一般将"诚"理解为"真诚无欺"、"诚实无妄".它包含着"仁、义、礼、智、信"这样几种伦理要求.但是,这种五常要求(仁义礼智信)在古代中国却不仅仅是作为一种具体的道德规范而被社会所要求的,它本身还具有沟通天、人,贯通天道、人道的本体论地位和作用."诚"这一伦理概念的本体论化过程自先秦始,而至宋代完成,并由此确立了历史上道德主义的无上权威.     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.