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1.
We proposed that the condition truth be understood as the result of a decision about the values taken on by the conditions for fulfilment of the act of referencing in a mental model. Our cognitive model of propositional truth attribution (Baudet, Jhean-Larose, & Legros, 1994) is built on the assumption that the truth value of a proposition is determined by the ability of that proposition to fit into the theory of the field to which it refers. The experimental results proved to be compatible with the proposed model. They validate the first phase of our model: the selection of incoherent subset of truth candidates. This selection is operated thanks to the attribution of plausibility value. This value is determined by explicit index of the pledging of the sender as for the truth of proposals contained in the text sentences. According to these results, the epistemic modalisers of the type “I know” and the type “I believe”, commit the transmitter in different ways as to the truth of propositions. They determine degrees of plausibility and relative coherence between assertions and the mental model in operation. The main function of the enunciation operators such as “I know” in a text, is:
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Relative deprivation (RD) theory usually distinguishes between interpersonal and intergroup comparisons, but neglects intrapersonal comparisons. This research reveals that the comparisons between the actual and the future selves lead to relative gratification (RG) feelings which in turn are related to self‐esteem. A first study (N = 581) confirms that intrapersonal RG positively contributes to self‐esteem. A second study, involving students with a disability (n = 31) and without (n = 50), reveals that if disabled students exhibit a higher level of self‐esteem than nondisabled ones, this preservation is only explained by intrapersonal RG. Finally, intergroup RD and intrapersonal RG are two distinct predictors of militancy in favour of disabled people These results testify to the importance of differentiating comparison levels.  相似文献   

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The goal of this study is to examine the impact of various connectives such as causal, adversative, additive on sentence comprehension and memory for young, elderly and for subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). The three groups (N = 48) read pairs of clauses linked or not by a connective at their own rhythm and they performed different tests: verb recognition, comprehension and inferential questions and completion. Results show that whatever the type of connective, its presence has few effects on young and elderly performances. We note an increase of connectives reading times for AD subjects, suggesting that the presence of connectives seems to be a cue for interclausal integration. Moreover, the treatment of the adversative is more difficult for them than the treatment of causal and additive.  相似文献   

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Cette recherche longitudinale tente d'établir s'il existe un “complexe référentiel” préverbal, constitué des comportements servant à établir l'attention conjointe, et si ce complexe est en relation avec le langage. Vingt-quatre enfants ont été observés à six reprises entre l'âge de 6 mois et de 24 mois. Les comportements préverbaux étudiés sont la production et la compréhension du pointage gestuel, ainsi que la compréhension du pointage visuel. Les résultats montrent que la compréhension des deux formes de pointage est liée et que seule la production du pointage gestuel, tout en étant indépendante de ces deux comportements, est en relation avec le langage. Il ne semble donc pas exister chez les nourrissons de complexe référentiel unifié. Cette recherche aborde également le problème de la continuité entre les références préverbale et verbale.  相似文献   

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The aim of this study was to examine two hypotheses derived from theoretical models of the role of learning and performance goals in cognitive functioning. The first predicts that being highly focused on performance goals leads students to develop lower levels of self-efficacy than those who are less focused on performance. The second hypothesis predicts that the combination of high performance goals and low self-efficacy will have a negative impact on students' self-regulation and performance in a new task. After having filled out a questionnaire assessing their goals, 128 female students were met individually and asked to solve a verbal concept formation task. Self-efficacy was assessed prior to the resolution of the task during which self-regulation and performance were observed. Contrary to the first hypothesis, students having high performance goals were found to have higher self-efficacy than those having low goals. In addition, no interaction between self-efficacy and performance goals was found on self-regulation and performance on the task. The results showed that whatever students' goals, self-efficacy is a powerful determinant of self-regulation and performance. The discussion emphasizes the role of self-efficacy and the value of a motivational profile combining high concern for both performance and learning goals in cognitive functioning.  相似文献   

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The progress in prenatal medicine raises complex questions with respect to the physician–patient relationship. The physician needs to reconcile medical aspects, ethical principles as well as judicial norms. Already, during the first trimester, the physician has to put into practice the schedule combining for each individual pregnancy physical, laboratory and other appropriate exams. Physicians are under the obligation to inform in a clear and comprehensive way without creating unnecessary anxiety for their patients. Legal requirements include informed consent, the respect for the patient's right to self-determination, and compliance with the Swiss federal law on genetic testing, especially with its articles on prenatal screening and diagnosis. This article discusses the complexity of obstetrical practice when it comes to delivering adequate information within the scope of ethical and legal requirements in Switzerland.  相似文献   

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L'objectif de ce travail était d'appliquer le paradigme expérimental du croisement des catégories à l'étude des relations entre des sujets de nationalités différentes. Dans cette perspective, une expérience a été menée avec 28 sujets américains et 28 français. Comme attendu, en situation de catégorisation simple chaque groupe de sujets Américains ou Français a évalué positivement son groupe et dévalorisé l'autre. Ces effets ont été annulés en situation de catégorisation croisée. Cependant, cette annulation ne persiste pas lors d'un post-test réalisé trois semaines plus tard. Une discussion de ces effets a été établie.  相似文献   

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Quatre-vingt seize sujets de 7 à 9 ans et de 13 à 15 ans ont travaillé sur un texte dans deux conditions d'implication (ego versus tâche). Après avoir été crédités de feedback de compétence ou d'incompétence, ils furent requis d'inférer leur niveau d'effort, d'évaluer leurs affects (fierté, embarras et culpabilité) et de donner leurs raisons de l'effort mis en jeu (stratégies d'auto-handicap). Les résultats confirment que les adolescents se réfèrent à une conception différenciée de la compétence et de l'effort en situation d'implication de l'Ego, et utilisent une conception moins différenciée dans des conditions d'implication dans la tâche. Les affects résultent eux-mêmes de ces conceptions. Mais les buts d'implication de l'Ego, qui accentuent les menaces pour l'estime de soi, suscitent en retour des stratégies de protection de soi que les individus appliquent effectivement à eux-mêmes.  相似文献   

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Comment la place relative de deux types d'événements de vie (EV) influence-telle la reconstruction des changements personnels passés? Cent soixante adultes (21–38 ans) produisent des événements saillants relatifs aux aspects public et privé de leur vie personnelle. Une semaine plus tard, ils estiment l'ampleur et l'orientation des changements associés à ces EV sur 9 dimensions de l'identité. Quatre groupes de sujets sont isolés en fonction de la place occupée par 2 types d'EV (critiques (C) et non critiques (NC)) au cours de 2 périodes consécutives (13–18 ans et 18–23 ans): pour 2 groupes, il y a répétition du même type d'EV (C-C et NC-NC) et pour les deux autres, des ordres différents (C-NC et NC-C). L'hypothèse est que la reconstruction de l'impact d'un EV passé résulte de l'influence conjointe des cadres de référence présent et passé. Les différences entre les 2 types d'EV contrastés montrent la permanence du codage initial de la tonalité associée aux EV. Les différences entre séquences avec répétition sont cohérentes avec l'idée du pouvoir assimilateur du cadre de référence présent; celles entre séquences avec ordres différents illustrent que le travail de reconstruction au présent intègre des éléments conservés en mémoire.  相似文献   

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Luck is perceived by some people as a quality of the person (as opposed to the situation) that can be used to maximize the outcome of chance games. This paper reviews empirical studies that examine the conditions under which perceptions of personal luck can be experienced, and how it might facilitate the increase of gambling behavior to pathological levels. Specifically, the opportunity for choice and the experience of near outcomes in games of chance are considered as ways to affect the extent to which perceptions of personal luck are experienced. The ease of facilitating these perceptions suggests that personal luck may be an overlooked factor in the emergence of gambling pathology. As such, implications for gambling behavior and treatment of problem gamblers are discussed.  相似文献   

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This study examines whether the intensity of facial emotional prototypes influences the process of their categorization in children and young adults. Two facial prototypes, one of happiness and one of disgust, including action units of three different intensities, were shown to 30 children and 30 adults who were submitted to a categorization task. As predicted, categorization accuracy was found to increase, in general, as a function of the intensity of action units. Adults were better than children but only for the categorization of disgust when the action unit intensity was weak. The happiness prototype was better categorized than the disgust prototype, and two types of errors were clearly more frequent than the others in the categorization of the disgust prototype: disgust/anger and disgust/sadness. The results are discussed in relation to the regulative processes involved in the socialization of emotion.  相似文献   

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Working memory has a central role in cognitive development and its capacity is among the best predictors of high-level cognition and school achievement. Within the Time-Based Resource Sharing (TBRS) model, three main factors account for the development of working memory capacity. In this paper, we will review the main empirical evidence sustaining the impact of two of these factors on cognitive development. First, the amount of attention available for cognitive functioning might increase during childhood. Thus, for the same activities, older children would be able to process information faster than younger children. Within working memory span tasks, because the level of activation of memory traces decreases during the processing steps, any reduction of the duration of these steps directly diminishes the time during which the traces decay, and consequently increases the time available for reactivation or refreshing before the next processing step. These two effects jointly induce a stronger activation of the memory traces and a better recall of the to-be-maintained items. Second, because the main hypothesis of the TBRS model is that attention switches to refresh memory traces from processing to maintenance during the processing episodes, the efficiency of the refreshing mechanism should have a direct and strong impact on working memory functioning. An increase in the efficiency of this refreshing during childhood means that older children should take a greater advantage from the short pauses left free between each processing step. The level of activation of the memory traces would be then higher for older than for younger children, resulting in the classically observed increase in span. As a consequence, age-related changes in the efficiency of the refreshing could play a central role in working memory development.  相似文献   

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Cette étude a deux objectifs principaux : (1) examiner la relation entre le style de gestion et quatre variables contingentes, soit le niveau hiérarchique, l'étendue du contrôle, la complexité des tâches des subordonnés et la fonction en tenant compte de l'influence modératrice de quatre caractéristiques d'expérience, soit l'âge, le sexe, l'ancienneté et la scolarité; et (2) identifier quelles variables situationnelles et d'expérience prédisent le mieux le style de leadership. Le test de Bordeleau (1980) mesurant neuf dimensions de leadership fut appliqué pour 229 superviseurs de niveaux hiérarchiques différents dans une organisation. Une mesure de complexité des postes supervisés fut obtenue. Les résultats montrent : (1) que la complexité des tâches supervisées prédit une plus grande souplesse d'autorité et une implication moins grande pour connaître le travail du subordonné; (2) que les superviseurs des niveaux hiérarchiques élevés sont moins impartiaux mais plus souples que ceux des niveaux inférieurs; (3) que l'ouverture et la discussion au travail d'équipe diminuent avec l'augmentation du nombre d'employés supervisés; (4) qu'une baisse de bienveillance face aux problèmes personnels des employés se rencontre surtout chez les superviseurs masculins scolarisés; (5) que le genre féminin est associé à une tendance à entretenir plus de relations amicales avec les subordonnés; (6) que le support au travail n'est prédit par aucune des variables indépendantes; (7) que les variables d'expérience modèrent les relations obtenues entre les facteurs situationnels et le style de gestion.  相似文献   

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Although maternal contingent responses to their infant's facial expressions of emotions is thought to play an important role in the socialization of emotions, available data are still scarce and often inconsistent To further investigate how mothers' contingent facial expressions might influence infant emotional development, we undertook to study mother‐infant dyads in four episodes of face‐to‐face interaction during the first year. Mothers' facial expressions were strongly related to their infant's facial expressions of emotions, most of their contingent responses being produced within one second following infants' facial expressions Specific patterns of responses were also found. The impact of maternal contingent responding on infants' expressive development was also examined.  相似文献   

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