荀子的道德修养论探析

荀子是我国古代最著名的性恶论者。他一方面从人的自然性出发,提出人性本恶论;另一方面又从人的社会性出发,提出了“化性起伪”的人性改造论和道德修养论。荀子肯定了性本恶之人在礼义法度等外在道德规范的约束下不断弃恶从善、积善成德的可能性。他提出的以追求圣人和君子为人生境界的道德修养理论,在现代社会仍具有重要价值。     

The Linearity Assumption in Cultivation Research

Cultivation theorists hypothesize a monotonic pattern of means across viewing subgroups, that is, that people in groups defined by higher levels of television viewing will be more likely to give the “television world” answer than will people in groups defined by lower levels of viewing. This prediction, along with the methodological practices used in conducting research on the theory, make it clear that there is an assumption of linearity that is accepted by both theorists and researchers. However, there is reason to speculate that the underlying cultivation relationship may not be linear. This study provides empirical evidence that the relationship is not linear. Because of the nonlinearity of the distribution, the selection of cut points is a critical decision that can significantly influence the results of subsequent analyses. Also, the popular use of certain statistical procedures designed to test linear relationships is also challenged.     

Giftedness: Current Theory and Research

Gifted children, those with unusually high ability in one or more domains, not only develop more rapidly than typical children, but also appear to be qualitatively different. They have an intense drive to master, require little explicit tuition, and, if intellectually gifted, often pose deep philosophical questions. Although some psychologists have tried to account for the achievements of gifted individuals solely in terms of drive or 'deliberate practice,' no evidence allows us to rule out innate differences in talent. Profiles of gifted individuals are often uneven: Extremely high ability in one area can coexist with ordinary or even subnormal ability in another area. Scientific investigation of the gifted reveals the importance of drive and hard work in achievement of any kind, and the lack of necessary correlation among abilities in different areas.     

关于双螺旋学说与科学研究的辩证思维

1953年,在剑桥大学的Ｃａｖｅｎｄｉｓｈ实验室,Ｗａｔｓｏｎ和Ｃｒｉｃｋ提出了ＤＮＡ结构的双螺旋学说,并建立了ＤＮＡ双螺旋结构模型。这一成果为人类真正认识生物遗传的奥秘奠定了重要基础,其巨大作用与意义在生物化学、分子生物学、生命科学,乃至整个自然科学和整个人类的不断发展、进步中被反复证实与体现,被认为是本世纪最大的生物学发现。然而,这一重大科研成果不仅使我们在学习中得以感受科学发现的喜悦、在应用中得以体味其学术意义的重大、在不断涌现的科学成果中发现其无尽的应用前景,同时也启发我们对科学研究,尤其是生物化学…     

建构主义理论与我国医学生创新能力培养

从建构主义理论内涵,对我国医学生创新能力培养的启示以及教育观念、教育制度改革、师生素质和环境建设等方面,探讨了我国高等医学院校实施创新教育这一重要问题。     

建构主义理论与我国医学生创新能力培养

从建构主义理论内涵,对我国医学生创新能力培养的启示以及教育观念、教育制度改革、师生素质和环境建设等方面,探讨了我国高等医学院校实施创新教育这一重要问题.     

Affordances and Events: Theory and Research

In replying to the commentaries, I focus on issues relating to theory, empirical practice (i.e., to how research on events and affordances has been conducted), and empirical research that I think is needed. I reiterate my argument that because they differ qualitatively, affordances might be perceived without prior or concurrent perception of the underlying events. I suggest that research on event perception might, in principle, inform research on the perception of affordances, but existing research has made no explicit attempt to do this. I conclude by stressing the need for new research and for exponents of event perception to identify a theoretical motivation, within ecological theory, for why events should be perceived.     

Medical Ethics Research Between Theory and Practice

The main object of criticism of present-day medical ethics is the standard view of the relationship between theory and practice. Medical ethics is more than the application of moral theories and principles, and health care is more than the domain of application of moral theories. Moral theories and principles are necessarily abstract, and therefore fail to take account of the sometimes idiosyncratic reality of clinical work and the actual experiences of practitioners. Suggestions to remedy the illnesses of contemporary medical ethics focus on re-establishing the connection between the internal and external morality of medicine. This article discusses the question how to develop a theoretical perspective on medical ethical issues that connects philosophical reflection with the everyday realities of medical practice. Four steps in a comprehensive approach of medical ethics research are distinguished: (1) examine health care contexts in order to obtain a better understanding of the internal morality of these practices; this requires empirical research; (2) analyze and interpret the external morality governing health care practices; sociological study of prevalent values, norms, and attitudes concerning medical-ethical issues is required; (3) creation of new theoretical perspectives on health care practices; Jensen's theory of healthcare practices will be useful here; (4) develop a new conception of bioethics that illuminates and clarifies the complex interaction between the internal and external morality of health care practices. Hermeneutical ethics can be helpful for integrating the experiences disclosed in the empirical ethical studies, as well as utilizing the insights gained from describing the value-contexts of health care practices. For a critical and normative perspective, hermeneutical ethics has to examine and explain the moral experiences uncovered, in order to understand what they tell us.     

Growing Points for Coparenting Theory and Research

Though the study of coparenting is still in its infancy, an explosion of coparenting research is in the wings. This paper identifies several emerging issues in coparenting theory and research to guide work in the years ahead, including issues in definition, conceptualization, and measurement; the interface between coparenting and adult development; and conceptual benefits that will accrue from studies of interadult coordination across diverse cultures and family systems. We emphasize that theory must lead empirical efforts, that across family systems the strongest coparental alliances are likely to be those in which the coparents both experience and provide support and solidarity for one another's parenting efforts with the children, and that measurement approaches need to be expanded so as to capture more comprehensively each family's organizational cooparenting structures and themes.     

Compulsive Hoarding: Current Research and Theory

Compulsive hoarding has emerged as a treatment refractory and impairing psychological disorder. Although promising research over the past decade has substantially furthered an understanding of hoarding, the etiology, diagnostic status, and associated features of this phenomenon are not yet completely understood. This article reviews current research on hoarding, including comorbidity and diagnostic issues, theoretical models, and treatment approaches. A cognitive–behavioral model of compulsive hoarding (R. O. Frost and G. Steketee, 1998) is presented, including the proposed information-processing deficits, beliefs and cognitions, and excessive emotional attachment to possessions. In addition, existing treatment approaches that target the cognitive and behavioral components of acquisition, difficulty organizing, and avoidance of discarding are described. Future directions for compulsive hoarding research are suggested to improve diagnostic clarity, refine therapeutic techniques, and enhance treatment response.     

荣格的情结理论探析

在精神分析学界,对情结的研究以荣格的贡献为最。荣格通过自己的研究独立地发现了情结,并据此建构了他的情结理论体系。随着研究的深入,荣格不袒从情结中发现了导致神经机能病的病理性原因,甚至进一步阐释了“集体潜意识原型”和“精神救赎”等更为深远的内容。     

A Theory of Multiple-Case Research

ABSTRACT Psychologists have generally neglected the detailed study of lives because it has not seemed to contribute to the formulation of general truths The insistence that each life is unique and therefore incomparable has shaped the modern disciplines of personality and social psychology, segregating them from each other and blocking a clear view of how social facts and psychological processes inform each other In the proposed model of multiple-case study, individual cases, captured through intensive exploratory interviews, are brought into “conversation” with one another This permits shared realities to be reconstructed out of individuals' perspectival images But in daily life such reconstructions often fail to be made because the social conditions favorable to a conversation among those viewing a shared reality from characteristic vantage points (for instance, oppressors and oppressed, or even fellow victims) are not met The resulting silence itself must become a topic of conversation before social knowledge can be created or social problems solved The pertinent epistemological presuppositions are illustrated by reference to sample multiple-case studies     

女性主义认同:理论、研究与实践

在过去的三十多年中,女性主义认同发展理论一直是西方心理学研究中一个活跃的研究主题。女性主义认同是一种基于女性主义立场并自我标签为女性主义者的社会认同。基于Downing和Roush的女性主义认同发展理论,心理学研究者开发了FIS、FIDS、FIC等旨在评估女性主义认同发展阶段与水平的测量工具。研究表明,由于女性主义赋权女性挑战其生活及社会文化中的性别主义偏见,因此,女性主义认同发展能够有效地提升女性的自尊、自我效能感、主观幸福感,从而促进女性的身心健康。未来的女性主义认同研究应该重点致力于女性主义认同理论的完善和深化及研究方法论的变革,包括运用交错性范式与多元方法探讨不同性别、种族/民族、年龄、阶层等多元群体经验,使用追踪研究探讨女性主义认同发展的历程,以及致力于女性主义认同研究工具的本土化,从而推动我国女性主义认同研究的发展。     

An Overview of Theory and Research on Hallucinations

Hallucinations occur in a variety of chronic and transient psychotic disorders, but there is very little agreement on either a specific definition of theory of etiology regarding this phenomenon. This lack of consensus makes it difficult to develop appropriate intervention strategies of validate the results of treatment. This article attempts to address the problem by utilizing a model, based on an occupational therapy perspective, which describes the functional deficits associated with different classifications of hallucinations. The focus of specific functional deficits, rather than etiology or other abstract theoretical premises, allows the clinician to determine when and if intervention is appropriate. Furthermore, the model can be utilized to determine the particular intervention strategies best suited to such individual's needs. Included in this paper is a discussion of the literature regarding the definitions and etiology of hallucinations, as well as an overview of the research on intervention techniques. In addition, two case studies are presented in order to clarify the clinical usage of the functional deficit model.     

自尊与人际互动：理论、研究与问题

基于自我确认理论开展的大量研究,有助于理解自尊对人际互动行为的调节作用。然而,研究者对自尊的测量工具不尽相同,筛选实验被试的标准也不尽一致,实验范式忽略了对实际人际互动情境的操纵,单纯采用人际选择反应作为测量自我确认的指标,因而难以形成具有整合性的理论模型。今后的研究有必要在编制合适的测量工具的基础上,将整体自尊与特殊自尊作为两个独立的变量置于整合性实验范式下开展研究,同时采用对人际评价信息的认知判断和对评价者的交往选择的双维指标,以全面揭示整体自尊与特殊自尊对自我确认过程的相对作用及其心理机制。     

Grounded Theory in Genetic Counseling Research

The practice of genetic counseling is in need of evidence-based theoretical frameworks. Although strategies used in genetic counseling are increasingly evidence-based, the field of genetic counseling does not have a generally accepted theoretical basis for development of therapeutic interventions. We know very little about (1) what actually happens in genetic counseling and (2) the impact it has on clients and their families. A number of researchers have used a variety of approaches in an attempt to introduce some theoretical basis for genetic counseling research and practice. Other workers have used experience in their clinical practice to write theoretically about the kinds of processes that might be going on in and around genetic counseling. However, there are few studies to date, which have attempted to build theory modeling the psychosocial processes that take place in and around the genetic counseling clinic using empirical data. This paper describes a methodology (grounded theory) that is designed specifically to build theory about psychosocial processes from a strong evidence base, and explains how it can contribute to the development of practice in genetic counseling.