Situated Behavior and the Place of Measurement in Psychological Theory

Measured values of human behavior may entail contradictory attributes of wave and particle by analogy with the wave/particle attributes of the electron. 1/f scaling is the wave attribute in this analogy and punctate data points are the particle attribute. One consequence of the wave/particle duality in physics was to elevate measurement to a primary place in physical theory, and one purpose of the present analogy is to likewise elevate measurement to a primary place in psychological theory. Another purpose is to emulate Robert Shaw's creative use of analogies, consistent with the brief quotation that begins this article.     

满足社会需要繁荣心理科学--热烈祝贺《心理科学》五次扩版成功

随着社会的不断发展和进步,心理学在社会生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用,无论是在政府层面、学术层面,还是在行业层面与公众层面,人们对心理学的作用和价值都有了新的认识;无论是在教育、卫生、体育,还是在军事及工商企业管理等诸多领域,心理学都得到了充分的重视和更为广泛的运用,心理学已成为当今的热门学科。     

教师首先要具有科学精神

毛泽东主席生前说过,教育者首先要受教育。“打铁先得本身硬”,21世纪的教师既然担负着对学生进行科学教育培养其科学精神的重任,所以当前当务之急就是要对教师补这一课,进行一场无神论教育、科学教育、科学精神教育、科学世界观的教育,以提高教师的科学素养,使教师们能在未来的工作中胜任愉快,胜利完成历史赋予当代教师的任务。 笔者为什么要持此种观点,发此议论呢?因为最近听到了这样一件事,说某校前一段盛行一种功法,是什么“三三九成     

How Psychological Science Informs the Teaching of Reading

Contents:
Introduction, p.31
Writing Systems and the Alphabetic Principle, p.32
The Development of Reading Skills, p.34
Development Dyslexia, p.43
Skilled Reading, p.45
Using Connectionist Models to Understand Reading and Dyslexia, p.52
Methods of Teaching Reading, p.55
What Happens in Classrooms During Reading Instruction?, p.57
Reading Instruction Is a Politically Charged Issue, p.61
Research Findings on Teaching Reading, p.63
Summary and Conclusions, p.68     

脑科学与心理学研究

随着现代科技的进步,脑科学特别是脑成像技术能够无损伤地探测人脑,成为脑功能研究的"显微镜".这些科技的发展对心理学研究具有重大影响.它使得意识能够受到真正科学地研究,促使心理学研究从"计算机隐喻"向"脑隐喻"的转变,并将使心理学理论形态更加复杂.     

从山东地名解读齐鲁文化

地名是一种特殊的文化现象,可以反映特定地域的自然和人文条件。山东地名与齐鲁地理文化、齐鲁历史文化、齐鲁居民生活、齐鲁方言文化等方面密切相关。本文从这些方面解读山东地名所反映的齐鲁文化。     

心理科学网络资源的利用

国内外心理学的快速发展,使心理学工作者需要及时了解和交流心理学的研究和发展信息。互联网拉近了人们彼此间的时空距离,为我们快捷获取和及时交流信息提供了条件和保障,网络的使用正日益受到人们的青睐。由于网络的新颖与多姿多彩,以及网上信息量大而繁杂,人们需要交流使用网络的知识与经验,以达到更好更快地使用网络及网络资源。     

本教圣地黄龙风景名胜区的藏文化考察

在藏文化的视野中,黄龙是一方秀丽的山川,是一块宗教的圣地,是一座文化的宝库.黄龙藏语全称叫林青夏晓东日,简称东日,意思是东方的白螺圣山即简称白螺圣山.黄龙是本教母续二十五所道场中的一所,它的主人是一对被神格化了的夫妇,他们都是藏人保家护教之神.黄龙成为藏人心中圣地的历史可以追溯到四千年前的本祖辛饶米奥时代.多少年来,无论是历代本教大师还是普通信徒无不对黄龙的魅力增添无限的遇想,演绎许多美丽的传说.随着旅游事业的发展黄龙正面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战.     

Neuroimaging as a New Tool in the Toolbox of Psychological Science

ABSTRACT— During the past quarter century, advances in imaging technology have helped transform scientific fields. As important as the data made available by these new technologies have been, equally important have been the guides provided by existing theories and the converging evidence provided by other methodologies. The field of psychological science is no exception. Neuroimaging is an important new tool in the toolbox of psychological science, but it is most productive when its use is guided by psychological theories and complemented by converging methodologies including (but not limited to) lesion, electrophysiological, computational, and behavioral studies. Based on this approach, the articles in this special issue specify neural mechanisms involved in perception, attention, categorization, memory, recognition, attitudes, social cognition, language, motor coordination, emotional regulation, executive function, decision making, and depression. Understanding the contributions of individual and functionally connected brain regions to these processes benefits psychological theory by suggesting functional representations and processes, constraining these processes, producing means of falsifying hypotheses, and generating new hypotheses. From this work, a view is emerging in which psychological processes represent emergent properties of a widely distributed set of component processes.     

On the Concept of Psychological

The idea that certain mental phenomena (e.g. emotions, depression, anxiety) can represent risk factors for certain somatic diseases runs through common thinking on the subject and through a large part of biomedical science. This idea still lies at the focus of the research tradition in psychosomatic medicine and in certain interdisciplinary approaches that followed it, such as psychoneuroimmunology. Nevertheless, the inclusion in the scientific literature of specifically mental phenomena in the list of risk factors pertaining to a specific pathological condition would seem, to say the least, problematic when not completely absent, unlike what happens for certain behavioural factors, such as smoking, sedentary life, and alcohol abuse. It is also significant that insurance companies and health and welfare services do not pay for interventions and treatment for states of anxiety, disorders of mood and of the personality, alexithymia and stress reduction, as means of prevention or treatment of somatic diseases, as instead they do for the treatment of tobacco addiction. However, as I shall endeavour to argue here, there are numerous and well grounded reasons why this different consideration of psychic conditions compared with behaviours is valid and must be maintained in the evaluation of pathogenetic risk factors.     

Psychological Science Can Improve Diagnostic Decisions

Contents:
Introduction and Scope, p.1
Components of Diagnostic Decision Making, p.4
Statistical Machinery, p.5
Examples of Enhanced Descision Making, p.10
Conclusion and Discussion, p.20
Acknowledgements, p.23
References, p.23
Appendix: Some Concepts of Possibility, p.25     

Psychological Science within a Three-Dimensional Ontology

The present paper outlines the nature of a three-dimensional ontology and the place of psychological science within this ontology, in a way that is partly similar to and partly different from that of Pérez-Álvarez. The first dimension is the material realities, and involves different levels (physical, chemical, biological, psychological, etc.), where each level builds on a lower level but also involves the development of new emergent properties, in accordance with Bunge’s emergent materialism. Each level involves systems, with components, structures and mechanisms, and an environment. This dimension can be studied with natural scientific methods. The second dimension is the subjective-experiential realities, and refers to our subjective perspective on the world. In accordance with Husserl’s phenomenology, it is argued that this subjectivity does not exist in the world (i.e., should not be reified as an object among other objects), but represents a perspective on the world that we enter in our capacity as conscious human beings. Essential characteristics of this subjectivity (such as intentionality, temporality, embodiment, and intersubjectivity) can be explored by phenomenological methods. The third dimension is the social-constructional realities, and includes social institutions, norms, categories, theories, and techniques. It is argued that psychological science spans over all three dimensions. Although almost all psychological research by necessity starts from a problem formulation where the subjective-experiential dimension plays an essential role (either explicitly or implicitly), most of present-day psychological research clearly emphasizes the material dimension. It is argued that a mature psychological science needs to integrate all three dimensions.     

Selectionist Thought and Methodological Orthodoxy in Psychological Science

The Psychological Record - Selectionist theory in psychology conceptualizes behavior as a dynamic phenomenon subject to a variation and selection process similar to that characterizing biological...     

The UN activities of the International Union of Psychological Science in 2001

The major thrust of the IUPsyS activities at the UN this year has been the establishment, in early 2001, of a permanent team of New York area psychologists willing to voluntarily represent the Union at the different meetings held throughout the year at the UN Secretariat in New York under the auspices of the UN Department of Public Information, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), as well as some of the other UN agencies also active in New York, such as UNICEF and UNESCO. With the help of the International Affairs Office of the American Psychological Association, which we would like to thank, we had access to the names of New York area psychologists who were interested in doing UN representation for psychology. Four of them were identified as prime candidates and were interviewed. Their nomination as UN/NGO representatives was approved by the Executive Committee of the Union. I am very happy to inform our national members and affiliate organizations that Dr. Fritz Galette, Dr. Margarita Garcia‐Estevez, Dr. Douglas Y Seiden and Ms. Carolee E. Iltis have generously accepted to act as the Union's NGO representatives in New York. The decision to appoint four representatives was determined by the workload associated with the activities of the UN Secretariat (e.g., Dept of Public Information ‐NGO Briefings every week, multiple meetings of numerous committees dealing with mental health, health, ageing, children, human rights, women issues), plus numerous Preparatory Committees for General Assembly Summits (presently, three upcoming summits on racism, children and women that we will briefly discuss later in this report). Therefore, we felt it was important to be realistic and to appoint several individuals who are ready to share the work to be done and provide 1–2 days per month of their time.     

Behavioral Laws in Histories of Psychology: Psychological Science,Metascience, and the Psychology of Science

Histories of psychology frequently include statements that explicitly or implicitly express behavioral laws. Usually these "meta-historical generalizations" provide "covering laws" for explanatory accounts, contextual frames, or paradoxical con- trasts. These abstract propositions come from many sources, vary immensely in scientfic validity, and are found in several psychological publications besides histories, including book reviews, obituaries, journal articles, monographs, and trade books. Not only could the authors of these nomothetic claims make better use of empirical results in the metasciences, but these assertions themselves offer an inventory of valuable hypotheses that should inspire future research in the behavioral sciences and especially in the psychology of science.