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道教里“六天”一词最早见于东晋时期的上清、葛氏道诸派经典,真正赋予其含义的却是刘宋时期的天师道。刘宋天师道视“六天”为恶鬼,提出以善神“三天”代替。天师道对“六天”的这种解释,是在道教受到上层阶级的压制而儒家礼教祭祀制度受到重视,以及佛教传入中国这样一种特定的历史背景之下形成的。“六天”一词的出现与“三天”以及道教成立前的古代文献中的“九天”观念也有一定的联系。本文围绕这些问题,试图对刘宋时期天师道“六天”说的含义,以及“六天”一词出现的缘由作一个分析。一、刘宋天师道“六天”的含义刘宋天师道经典《三天… 相似文献
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本文对南朝天师道经典《正一法文法箓部仪》做了细密的分析和考释。从此经我们知道南朝天师道举行登坛告盟仪,这是天师道传入南方后受南方道教(尤其是南方方士传统)影响而创立的新仪式。它应当是信奉太一神且自称太一道士的天师道道士举行的仪式,与敦煌写本S.203记载的南朝天师道授箓仪多有近似之处。 相似文献
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师道运动是宋明理学的一个重要内容。在宋代,士大夫的师道意识高涨,提出与君主共治天下的主张。然而到了明代,由于残酷的政治现实,师道运动一度陷入低潮。直到中晚明,经过王阳明的重新提倡,到王艮提出“出必为帝者师,处必为天下万世师”的口号,师道运动重新达到了顶峰。这一运动一直持续到清初,在黄宗羲《明夷待访录·学校篇》中都有所体现。余英时曾认为作为一种社会改革运动的阳明学师道运动主要是一条“下行路线”。本文则注意到,明代晚期曾出现了管志道、杨起元等学者以及张居正等政治家,他们共同反对泰州学派乃至整个宋明理学的师道运动,企图重新恢复以皇权为中心的“中央集权”的政教秩序,揭示了一条“上行路线”;另外,代表了地方士绅、商人、富农等“中产阶级”利益的东林学派和黄宗羲,则试图限制君权并进而与君主分权,这一路线可以视为“中间路线”。从这些方面看,晚明清初的社会改革路向呈现出更为复杂的面貌。 相似文献
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官道是明代道教发展过程中出现的一种新现象,以往道教研究均未见有人提及。所谓官道是指明代以正一教为主体的新旧符箓派与国家政治高度融合,进入国家政制,承担国家祭祀重任的政治道教集团。官道虽然以正一教为主体,然而又并不等同于正一教,凡是没有进入国家政治体制的正一派也不属于官道。本文对明代官道的称名、缘起及正一真人与官道的关系等予以系统探讨。 相似文献
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There is an old but powerful argument for the claim that exhaustive divine foreknowledge is incompatible with the freedom to do otherwise. A crucial ingredient in this argument is the principle of the “Fixity of the Past” (FP). A seemingly new response to this argument has emerged, the so-called “dependence response,” which involves, among other things, abandoning FP for an alternative principle, the principle of the “Fixity of the Independent” (FI). This paper presents three arguments for the claim that FI ought to be preferred to FP.
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Two types of matching designs, static and dynamic, are differentiated. While all matching designs are logically the same in terms of the probability model which determines chance level of performance, an attempt is made to demonstrate that there is an interaction between the tactics, strategies, and actual knowledge ofS and the type of design used which will, in turn, lead to different results even whenS's knowledge is held constant. It is suggested that analogous situations may exist within the framework of the traditional psychometric model.The work reported in this paper was supported by a National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Grant (NSF-G15797) to the senior author. The authors are indebted to Joel E. Greene for his advice and criticism. 相似文献
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《Canadian journal of philosophy》2012,42(3):303-321
If practical reasoning deserves its name, its form must be different from that of ordinary (theoretical) reasoning. A few have thought that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action, rather than a mental state. I argue here that if the conclusion is an action, then so too is one of the premises. You might reason your way from doing one thing to doing another: from browsing journal abstracts to reading a particular journal article. I motivate this by sympathetically re-examining Hume's claim that a conclusion about what ought to be done follows only from an argument one of whose premises is likewise about what ought to be done. 相似文献
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