儿童视听觉通道现实监控的发展

采用视觉图片和动画,听觉声音和词语任务,分别要求5岁（平均年龄66.5个月）、7岁（平均年龄80.8个月）和9岁（平均年龄117.2个月）共233名儿童在知觉和想象材料中作出来源判断,比较现实监控任务中视听觉通道之间和通道内部的发展差异。结果发现,在通道内部,不同实验材料对现实监控的影响不尽相同。在视觉通道内部：较小年龄儿童对图片的现实监控好于动画,较大年龄儿童对动画的现实监控好于图片;在听觉通道内部：儿童对声音的现实监控好于词。随着年龄的增长,对记忆现实监控的通道差异从视觉的图片刺激优势到图片和动画优势,到视觉刺激和声音对词的优势。文章还讨论了这些发展差异的可能原因,对我们理解个体记忆发展的规律和特点以及对实践的指导意义     

儿童理解监控的即时加工过程

理解监控在口语和阅读信息的交流中起关键作用。即时加工研究为揭示儿童理解监控发展特点及内在机制提供了新途径。本文结合已有口语理解监控和阅读理解监控成果,对儿童理解监控的特点及其可能的影响因素进行了全面综述。未来研究应在儿童理解监控的时间进程、口语理解监控及理论模型等方面进一步深化,积极开展脑机制研究,并从视听跨通道整合角度探索儿童理解监控过程的发展。     

阅读理解困难儿童的理解监控能力研究

在理解监控水平研究的基础上,引入阅读目的因素,综合考察阅读理解困难儿童的理解监控能力.结果发现:(1)理解困难儿童的阅读目的和正常儿童一样,倾向于从文本信息中获取意义,但这种阅读目的的强度要落后于正常儿童;(2)理解困难儿童对阅读的理解监控水平落后于正常儿童,这是由于阅读目的的影响,他们的理解监控能力与正常儿童相当.     

10—16岁儿童自我监控学习能力的成分、发展及作用的研究

以２６６名１０—１６岁儿童为被试,研究了中小学儿童自我监控学习能力的构成成分、发展规律以及在学习活动中的作用。结果表明;从学习过程的角度将儿童自我监控学习能力划分为计划性、准备性、意识性、方法性、执行性、反馈性、补救性、总结性等八个方面是合理的;儿童自我监控学习能力各方面的水平随其年龄的增长而不断发展,在１０—１３岁期间发展较慢,在１３—１６岁期间发展较快,不同成分之间的发展具有不平衡性;随着年龄的提高,自我监控学习能力在儿童学习活动中的可能影响作用开始显著地表现出来。     

反馈对注意缺损多动障碍儿童错误监控能力的影响

研究选取了注意缺损多动障碍(ADHD)儿童39名,正常儿童40名,采用两项选择任务,考察在无反馈和有反馈的情况下,ADHD儿童的错误监控能力是否存在缺损。结果发现,(1)无论是否提供反馈,与正常儿童相比,ADHD儿童的错误察觉能力正常,但是错误更正能力落后,这可能是由于ADHD儿童动作调节控制能力落后导致的;(2)反馈提高了ADHD儿童和正常儿童的认知加工速度,但同时降低了他们的警醒水平,导致错误监控能力下降。     

错误意识判断对ADHD儿童错误觉察的影响特点

将GO/NO-GO任务范式和错误意识判断范式相结合,对21名ADHD儿童,27名正常儿童,在错误监控中的错误觉察水平进行考察,结果表明:1)ADHD儿童能够正常觉察到自己的错误反应;2)错误意识判断任务诱发出ADHD儿童的错误延迟效应,这种作用,既是因为该任务能够刺激ADHD儿童的有意觉察,又因为该任务无形中增加了GO/NO-GO任务中的刺激间隔时间。该结果表明,增加刺激间隔时间,可能会促使ADHD儿童改变错误后的反应策略,对错误反应进行错误调节,提高其错误监控水平。     

冲动-思考型儿童在拼图游戏中的问题解决及元认知差异

以小学六年级思考型和冲动型儿童各32名为被试,通过考查儿童在完成不同难度拼图任务时的表现,探讨不同认知风格儿童在问题解决中认知活动和元认知活动的差异。结果发现:(1)在线与离线元认知监控均表现出认知风格与任务难度的交互作用。在简单和中等任务中,思考型的儿童运用更多的在线元认知监控,进行计划和检查的时间更长。离线元认知监控的差异只表现在简单任务中,思考型比冲动型儿童花费更多的时间进行预测和评价;(2)在问题解决结果上,认知风格不同的儿童完成任务的时间没有显著差异;(3)在问题解决过程中,冲动型儿童解决问题的操作步数多于思考型儿童;冲动型儿童更多地使用主体参照策略,而思考型儿童更多使用线索推断策略。     

国外有关学习时间分配决策能力的研究概述

学习时间分配决策是记忆监控的核心内容之一。文章围绕学习时间分配决策能力的新近研究,重点介绍了如下问题：（1）儿童学习时间分配决策能力的发展;（2）学习时间分配决策机制的探讨,特别对最新的理论模型——学习层次模型和最近学习区假设进行了比较详细的介绍;（3）对今后研究发展的趋势进行了展望。     

强迫症的元认知研究:进展与趋势

该文分析了强迫症患者在现实监控、知道感、元认知信念和责任控制等方面的研究,发现缺乏对不同类型强迫症元认知差异的研究、被试选取的典型性和代表型有待提高,现实监控障碍的身心原因尚不明确、责任-控制障碍形成的机制研究不足.指出元认知干预的强迫症治疗范式、强迫症与其他精神症元认知障碍的比较、强迫症元认知的认知神经科学探索和强迫性网络使用的元认知机制等是未来研究的趋势.     

青少年父母监控现状研究

本研究从北京市两所普通中学的初一到高二年级中选取了1090名中学生为被试,采用问卷调查的方式,要求他们分别报告父亲和母亲的主、客观监控水平和监控手段(控制、沟通和搜寻),以探讨我国青少年父母监控的现状。经过(2)卡方检验、相关分析t、检验和方差分析,结果表明:(1)总体来讲,母亲在家庭里是青少年的主要监控者:母亲监控的客观水平高于父亲,并且母亲使用三种监控手段的情况均多于父亲;(2)女孩受到的父母监控超过男孩:母亲对女孩的客观监控水平高于男孩,并且母亲对女孩更多使用沟通手段;父母对女孩使用控制手段的情况超过男孩;(3)父母监控的年级差异并不明显,只有父母对初一学生会更多使用沟通手段;(4)父母对沟通手段和控制手段的使用都与客观监控水平呈正相关,但与主观监控水平呈负相关,而搜寻手段使用与监控水平之间的关系则跟沟通、控制手段相反;沟通手段对客观监控水平的正向预测力最强,搜寻手段对主观监控水平的正向预测力最强。     

Reality monitoring and metacognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The present study investigated general reality monitoring ability, and selective reality monitoring ability for anxiety relevant actions in a group of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and a group of non-anxious controls. In addition, reality monitoring confidence was assessed, as well as specific meta-cognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence (by means of the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ)). No differences were found between both groups in actual reality monitoring ability. Unlike previous studies, the reality monitoring task included actions that were related to the individual concerns of the OCD patients and were ideographically selected. Nevertheless, no differential reality monitoring effect was observed for the anxiety relevant stimuli. Data from the MCQ, however, revealed that OCD patients had less overall confidence in their memory for actions and their reality monitoring ability. Analysis of the confidence ratings of the reality monitoring task showed that this reduced confidence was restricted to the neutral actions. No differences were observed for patients that reported low or high frequencies of checking behaviour. The whole of these data do not support memory deficit models of OCD, but are in line with recent emphasis on the importance of memory confidence and other meta-cognitive beliefs in OCD.     

Source monitoring in Alzheimer's Disease

Source monitoring is the process of making judgments about the origin of memories. There are three categories of source monitoring: reality monitoring (discrimination between self- versus other-generated sources), external monitoring (discrimination between several external sources), and internal monitoring (discrimination between two types of self-generated sources). We investigated whether Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients, when compared with young and older adults, are impaired at the same level on the three source monitoring categories. We designed three tasks, one for each source monitoring category. In the first task, aimed at reality monitoring, participants had to remember whether objects were previously placed in a bag by themselves or by the experimenter. In the second task, assessing external monitoring, participants had to remember whether the experimenter had previously placed objects in the bag with a black or white gloved hand. In the third task, measuring internal monitoring, participants had to remember whether they had previously placed or imagined themselves placing objects in the bag. Participants showed worse performances in the external and internal monitoring tasks, when compared with reality monitoring. The external monitoring deficit was even more pronounced in AD patients. Regression analyses showed that variation in the external monitoring performances was reliably predicted by inhibition. Our results emphasize the role of inhibitory processes in AD patients' source monitoring decline. The close relation between source and inhibitory decline in AD is interpreted in terms of a common neural base for both concepts.     

学前儿童现实性监测的发展变化

对3～5岁儿童对与他人（而非自我）有关的互动性动作的现实性监测的发展变化进行了考察。结果表明：学前儿童更多地将想象的动作错误地记忆为真实的动作,而不是相反——这就是所谓的现实性监测错误的不对称现象;虽然儿童总体的现实性监测能力在学前期得到了持续和稳定的发展,但这种发展主要体现在对想象动作的现实性监测的发展上。这一结果对学前儿童目击者证词的准确性具有重要的启示意义。     

学前儿童的现实性监测对易受暗示性的预测

对学前儿童的现实性监测与易受暗示性发展之间的关系进行了考察.结果表明,在控制了年龄、对事件的初始编码和提取能力后,现实性监测能力可以显著地预测记忆的易受暗示性.那些现实性监测能力较低的儿童更容易接受误信息,相反,那些现实性监测能力较强的儿童,更能抵制误信息的干扰.     

学前儿童的现实性监测:即时和延时测验

考察了4至5岁儿童的现实性监测在延时0天、3天和7天条件下的成绩。结果发现:对真实动作的源混淆更多地发生在延时3-7天,而对想象动作的源混淆更多地发生在0-3天,且对想象动作的现实性监测比对真实动作的现实性监测更早达到随机水平。这表明事件在现实性监测的时间效应中存在不同的特点。     

现实性监控研究述评

现实性监控是来源记忆的重要组成部分.总结分析表明,现实性监控的研究成果主要体现在如下方面：①学习项目的比例、学习和测验阶段之间的干扰任务、被试的想象能力等均对现实性监控存在一定的影响;②儿童的现实性监控能力随年龄增长而提高,老人的现实性监控能力相对较低;③不同病人在现实性监控中有不同的困难;④内部来源与外部来源提取激活的大脑区域不同,前额区在区分两类项目时的作用明显.今后应在整合研究结论、建立相应认知模型、构建前额区和顶区联合作用的神经网络和应用推广等方面加强研究.     

Reality monitoring in anosognosia for hemiplegia

Anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP) is a lack of awareness about paralysis following stroke. Recent explanations use a ‘forward model’ of movement to suggest that AHP patients fail to register discrepancies between internally- and externally-generated sensory information. We predicted that this failure would impair the ability to recall from memory whether information is internally- or externally-generated (i.e., reality monitor). Two experiments examined this prediction. Experiment 1 demonstrated that AHP patients exhibit a reality monitoring deficit for non-motor information (i.e., perceived vs. imagined drawings), whilst hemiplegic controls without anosognosia (nonAHP) perform like age-matched healthy volunteers (HVs). Experiment 2 explored if this deficit occurs when AHP patients discriminate performed, imagined, or observed movement. Results showed impaired reality monitoring for movements in AHP and nonAHP patients relative to HVs. Findings suggest that reality monitoring processes not directly related to movement, together with a failure to reality monitor movements, contribute to the pathogenesis of AHP.     

Fantasy proneness, mental imagery and reality monitoring

Individual differences in fantasy proneness and vividness of mental imagery have been suggested to be related to source memory confusions. To test this hypothesis, two groups scoring either high or low on a measure of fantasy proneness (selected from a group of 231 subjects) were compared on measures of self report vividness of mental imagery, objective imagery ability and reality monitoring performance. The two groups differed significantly on ratings of imagery vividness (p<0.01), but not on the imagery performance tasks, nor on reality monitoring performance. Our results indicate that, although fantasy proneness is associated with experiences of vivid mental imagery, it does not necessarily lead to reality monitoring errors.