人工智能自然语言处理临床应用的伦理研究

在高风险的医疗场域中,自然语言处理技术中的语言区隔和技术内在设计缺陷可能对诊疗行为和医疗体系带来严重风险,其语言区隔阻碍了不同群体的医疗伦理公正,技术自身的“黑箱”性质与不可解释性可能导致错诊误诊等问题,同时技术的过度使用破坏了医疗场域中的伦理关系,危及人类在技术及其应用中的主体性地位。为防止自然语言处理技术在临床应用中可能出现不良的伦理后果,我们需要发扬人的主观能动性主导自然语言技术的发展,依据自然语言处理协会公布的道德规范框架和行为准则,评估当前的应用现状,建构和提供一个有温度有弹性的伦理模型和行动指南。

     

Crisis and lachrymosity: on Salo Baron, Neobaronianism, and the study of modern European Jewish history

Salo Baron (1895–1989) remains an iconic figure among historians of the Jews, who routinely cite his dissent from the ‘lachrymose conception of Jewish history’ as a ideal to be upheld. Contemporary historians have generally understood the Baronian imperative to favor a historiography that seeks continuities instead of ruptures, deemphasizes Jews’ victimhood in favor of their achievements and successful integration, and affirms diaspora creativity in opposition to Zionist disparagement of exile. They have also affirmed that imperative equally for all periods and places in Jewish history. Close analysis of Baron’s corpus suggests that such a reading is better termed ‘neo-Baronian,’ for Baron himself employed his injunction against lachrymosity in reference to the middle ages only, whereas his depiction of the modern era stressed sustained crisis, conflict, and insecurity throughout the Jewish world. Such a depiction is fully consistent with his conception of the conditions under which Jews were most likely to find safety and prosperity. That conception, which posited the preferability of ‘states of nationalities’ to ‘nation-states’ and stressed the need for a strong international order capable of checking unrestrained state sovereignty, was evidently born out of Baron’s own experience as a refugee in Vienna during and after the First World War.