论医学伦理学的自主性原则

医学伦理学的自主性原则是对个人的自主和自由的尊重,其核心是对人权的尊重,包含有知情同意、保密、隐私等具体规则.自主性原则是根源于西方强调个性自由和选择的自由主义道德传统,我国古代哲人也提出过相近乃至相同的看法.     

患者的自主权及困境

在生命伦理学中,尊重自主性原则是指尊重病人或受试者的自主性,可理解为病人自主原则。自主性的实现涉及到自主性的人与自主性的选择,面对复杂的医疗情境,患者自主权的实施面临着重重困境。从自主、病人自主原则、病人自主的实践三个层面讨论了该原则,并尝试用境遇伦理学原理来解决病人自主原则的实践困境。     

论生命伦理学的自主性原则

自主性原则是生命伦理学的首要原则,其本质在于个人自主地选择自己的思想和行为.自主分为思想自主、意愿自主和行动自主.自主性原则的思想前提是道义论与后果论.在生命伦理学中,尊重、知情同意、保密和隐私权是自主性原则的具体表现形式.在医疗实践中,自主权的行使必须与具体的情境相结合,其价值才能充分实现.     

论自主性及其在生命伦理学中的意义

本文试图探讨自主性及其对生命伦理学的意义.文章以英国哲学家Onora O'Neill对自主性的质疑为起点,对康德和密尔意义上的自主性概念、以及自主性概念的来源和发展进行分析论证,在此基础上指出,自主性在生命伦理学中所面临的困境,并非如许多哲学家所认为的生命伦理学的自主性与康德意义上的自主性发生了偏离,而是因为在实际运用中自主性的形式与实质被割裂了开来.文章提出,为使尊重自主性原则真正体现保护病人和受试者的利益,不应抛弃形式上的自主性,而应该修复它,并使之更好地体现和服务于实质的自主性.     

尊重宗教信仰自由 坚持独立自主办教

在宗教问题上,我们始终要把握住最基本的两条宪法原则,一是尊重宗教信仰自由,一是坚持独立自主办教。宪法第36条规定,“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由”,“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配”。尊重宗教信仰自由,是基于对广大信教群众信仰选择的真诚的尊重,基于宗教存在和发展的客观规律。我国目前有1亿多信教群众。只有尊重公民的宗教信仰自由,才能使更多的人团结起来,共同致力于实现民族振兴的伟大目     

尊重教师:教育伦理的一项重要原则

尊重教师是师德建设的基础和前提。应当把"尊重教师"作为社会主义教育伦理的一项重要原则。尊重教师之所以应当成为教育伦理的一项重要原则,从根本上说,是"尊重人"这一普遍的社会道德原则在教育活动领域中的重要体现和要求。只有尊重教师,才能充分调动教师的主体积极性,实现教育事业利益的最大化。尊重教师原则,要求尊重教师的道德人格、尊重教师的正当利益诉求、尊重教师的教育民主和自由权利、尊重教师的生命财产安全。倡导和践行"尊重教师"的教育伦理原则,需要创设与之相适应的精神文化机制和社会公共政策、教育管理机制。     

尊重宗教信仰自由 坚持独立自主办教

在宗教问题上，我们始终要把握住最基本的两条宪法原则，一是尊重宗教信仰自由，一是坚持独立自主办教。宪法第36条规定，“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由”，“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配”。尊重宗教信仰自由，是基于对广大信教群众信仰选择的真诚的尊重，基于宗教存在和发展的客观规律。我国目前有1亿多信教群众。只有尊重公民的宗教信仰自由，     

脑死亡立法的伦理辩护

"脑死亡"立法是必要的并可以得到充分的伦理辩护:尊重人,特别是尊重人的自主性是"脑死亡"立法的伦理基础."脑死亡"立法符合有利和公平的伦理原则,符合功利主义伦理学追求社会利益最大化的目的.但我们在立法时,应尽量贯彻不伤害原则,注意保护患者及其亲属的利益.     

尊重宗教信仰自由 坚持独立自主办教

在宗教问题上,我们始终要把握住最基本的两条宪法原则,一是尊重宗教信仰自由,一是坚持独立自主办教。宪法第３６条规定,“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由”,“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配”。尊重宗教信仰自由,是基于对广大信教群众信仰选择的真诚的尊重,基于宗教存在和发展的客观规律。我国目前有１亿多信教群众。只有尊重公民的宗教信仰自由,才能使更多的人团结起来,共同致力于实现民族振兴的伟大目标。同样,坚持独立自主办教,也是基于对全中国人民意愿的真诚的尊重,基于中国曾经长期受过帝国主义侵略和掠夺的历…     

尊重宗教信仰自由 坚持独立自主办教

在宗教问题上，我们始终要把握住最基本的两条宪法原则，一是尊重宗教信仰自由，一是坚持独立自主办教。宪法第36条规定，“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由”，“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配”。尊重宗教信仰自由，是基于对广大信教群众信仰选择的真诚的尊重，基于宗教存在和发展的客观规律。我国目前有1亿多信教群众。只有尊重公民的宗教信仰自由，才能使更多的人团结起来，共同致力于实现民族振兴的伟大目标。同样，坚持独立自主办教，也是基于对全中国人民意愿的真诚的尊重，基于中国曾经长期受过帝国主义侵略和掠夺的历史…     

Foundations of Academic Freedom: Making New Sense of Some Aging Arguments

The article distinguishes between the various arguments traditionally offered as justifications for the principle of academic freedom. Four main arguments are identified, three consequentialist in nature (the argument from truth, the democratic argument, the argument from autonomy), and one nonconsequentialist (a variant of the autonomy argument). The article also concentrates on the specific form these arguments must take in order to establish academic freedom as a principle distinct from the more general principles of freedom of expression and intellectual freedom.     

Respect for autonomy and medical paternalism reconsidered

We offer a critique of one prominent understanding of the principle of respect for autonomy and of analyses of medical paternalism based on that understanding. Our main critique is that understanding respect for autonomy as respect for freedom from interference is mistaken because it is overly influenced by ‘four-alarm’ cases, because it fails to appreciate the full dimensions of legal self-determination (one of its main sources), because it conflates the research and therapeutic settings, and because it fails to appreciate themes of authority and power that have historically shaped the principle of respect for freedom from interference. We argue that respect for autonomy involves more than just freedom from interference and, on this basis, offer a critique of prevailing accounts of medical paternalism.     

Choice freedom

Individuals seek and value choice freedom, firms provide consumers ever-increasing opportunities to exercise it, citizens worry about protecting their right to choose freely, and scholars across different disciplines study the topic around the globe. We adopt a consumer psychology perspective to systematize the vast literature on choice freedom, and we present a framework to examine the relationship between choice freedom and personal and societal well-being. We begin by proposing choice freedom as an antecedent of autonomy and personal control and by clarifying the meaning of these interrelated constructs. We then use autonomy and personal control as separate processes to explain benefits and limits of choice freedom for well-being, and we review interventions that mitigate the limits. Finally, we discuss future research questions related to autonomy and personal control. Whereas extant literature focuses on the presence of freedom and on the relationship between choice freedom and the individual, we reflect on the extent to which consumers actually have freedom of choice and on the role of others in the provision and exercise of choice freedom.     

WHAT IS FREEDOM? WHY CHRISTIANITY AND THEORETICAL LIBERALISM CANNOT BE RECONCILED

In this paper I argue that a pervasive “religion as tyranny” view has its roots in a philosophical misunderstanding about human freedom. The established liberal view, which is a kind of “empty Protestantism,” conceives of freedom primarily in negative terms as freedom of choice or amoral autonomy. I argue that this approach, which originates in Puritan theology, leads inevitably to a wide‐ranging indifferentism and that indifferentism is incompatible with Christianity. Christians need to elaborate in response a positive definition of freedom as moral autonomy or good rebellion. Insomuch as religion is an essential aspect of human flourishing, it liberates rather than enslaves the individual.     

Self-determination. The tyranny of freedom

Americans now live in a time and a place in which freedom and autonomy are valued above all else and in which expanded opportunities for self-determination are regarded as a sign of the psychological well-being of individuals and the moral well-being of the culture. This article argues that freedom, autonomy, and self-determination can become excessive, and that when that happens, freedom can be experienced as a kind of tyranny. The article further argues that unduly influenced by the ideology of economics and rational-choice theory, modern American society has created an excess of freedom, with resulting increases in people's dissatisfaction with their lives and in clinical depression. One significant task for a future psychology of optimal functioning is to deemphasize individual freedom and to determine which cultural constraints are necessary for people to live meaningful and satisfying lives.     

Re-Evaluating Professional Autonomy in Health Care

Professional autonomy, as the symbol of the traditional freedom ofdecision-making of medical professionals is criticized. This essayexamines the critique. It analyses the underlying assumption that theautonomy of health professionals is incompatible with the need fororganisation and management in order to control rising health carecosts. It is argued that the concept of professional autonomy should beredefined, not through restricting the decision-making freedom ofindividual health professionals, but through expanding the concept intothe sphere of management, so that managers will take responsibility forpatient care.     

HUMANITY AS AN OBJECT OF RESPECT: IMMANUEL KANT'S ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH AND THE FOUNDATION FOR MORALITY

The article deals with Kant's understanding of personhood and autonomy. It highlights the connection of autonomy and human dignity within Kant's appreciation of morality, and indicates how his distinction between the empirical and transcendental spheres enables Kant to extend dignity even to humans who are not actually autonomous. Turning to contemporary approaches within ethics that refer to Kant but omit this transcendental framework, it defends the necessity of a trans‐empirical frame within the Kantian system and hints at consequences for bioethics. It concludes that Kant works with neither an absolutist notion of freedom in terms of solipsistic autarky, nor an empirical freedom and autonomy that begin and end at certain points of time.