运动视觉中计时行为的控制操作理论

运动视觉中的计时行为分为两类 :拦截行为和制动行为。“环境—活动者系统”(EAS)中的信息决定着计量行为的控制操作。本文阐明了信息和EAS的特性 ,通过对 tau-margin在拦截行为中的作用以及视觉变量τ对于制动操作重要性的分析 ,论述了运动视觉中计时行为的控制操作理论。     

信息与中西医临床诊治和决策研究

医学、生命科学是世界上最复杂的学科,其所涉及的知识面,几乎包含了现代科学及相关学科所有领域的知识面。这些知识面均以“信息的载体”表达出来,且信息随着各学科的发展,各种信息浩如烟海,因此如何对待医学知识信息的获取、选择、寻觅、探索、利用知识信息密切联系所诊治的病人及其专业,作出临床决策,将各种信息、包括信息知识标准规范化和信息反映疾病过程出现的假象和隐蔽信息的获取等予以分类,并用实际病例举例例证,以说明“信息”评价在医学思维临床决策中的重要性。     

说服效应的理论模型、影响因素与应对策略

说服效应是指面临说服性信息时, 个体态度发生转变并影响其决策行为的一种现象, 该现象普遍存在于政治选举、生活消费及商业广告等领域, 具有重要的应用价值。说服效应的两个主要理论模型包括双加工模型和自我功效理论。信息源的可信度、情绪、信息框架、社会网络、事件卷入度等是影响说服效应的主要因素。说服效应的应对策略包括公开承诺和自我控制。未来的研究应该从说服效应的产生根源、特征成分及应用领域等方面进行深入地探讨。     

印象形成中社会知觉信息效价冲突的认知控制效应

当个体信息与类别信息同时呈现时,个体的自我控制资源与信息效价产生交互作用,且共同影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略和信息加工深度。为进一步探究这一现象所产生的印象控制效应,采用自我控制资源损耗任务将96名被试随机分为高损耗组和低损耗组,并让他们完成内隐联想测验,以考察个体信息与类别信息的效价冲突时,他人印象控制策略如何受到自我控制资源与信息效价的双重影响。结果发现:(1)个体信息与类别信息的印象控制依赖于自我控制资源。(2)自我控制资源损耗与信息效价类型存在显著的交互作用。当个体损耗了较多的自我控制资源后,对效价冲突的个体信息与类别信息进行印象加工时,消极刻板印象的激活因受到这两类效价冲突信息的限制,只能依赖实时更新的面部表情信息,从而形成自下而上的反应性控制; 当个体损耗的自我控制资源较少时,对同样的个体信息与类别信息,不论效价相容或冲突,均能保持对消极刻板印象的自动激活,从而导致自上而下的主动性控制。     

“近朱者赤”：同伴捐赠决策信息对青少年亲社会行为的影响及公正世界信念的作用

青少年的社会行为容易受到同伴影响,然而以往相关研究大多关注其消极影响,较少考察同伴对青少年亲社会行为的影响。本研究招募了77名12～15岁青少年(M_age=14.06±0.74岁,32名女生)被试,结合自适应行为实验范式和冲突信息源范式,考察了信息提供者(同伴vs.成人)和社会信息的性质(均利他、均利己、冲突)对青少年(付出实际代价的)捐赠行为的影响,以及公正世界信念特质在其中的作用。研究发现,相比较利己信息的影响,青少年更容易受到利他信息的影响,从而提高捐赠数额。特别是,当同时观察到冲突信息时,青少年仍然受到利他影响。青少年更容易受到同伴榜样而非成人榜样的影响。公正世界信念调节了青少年的亲社会影响。研究结果验证了青少年更容易受到积极的同伴影响,同伴道德榜样对于青少年的亲社会行为有助益。     

贝叶斯决策理论对复杂运动决策中运动预期的启发——以网球和足球为例

对运动决策的研究是认知运动心理学的一个重要领域。运动预期被认为是运动决策的核心,受到运动学和非运动学信息的影响。其中,对运动预期研究的一个关键问题是探讨不同信息源对运动结果预期的贡献以及两者之间的相互作用。研究者运用贝叶斯决策理论解释运动预期中不同信息的整合过程,分析运动员在复杂的竞赛情景中如何做出最佳决策,尤其是对该理论在网球和足球领域的潜在应用进行分析。在不确定的情况下,竞技体育中并非所有的选择、结果或概率都是已知的,故有研究者认为概率论和经典的决策理论不能有效解决此类问题。然而新近提出的启发式近似,为运动员在贝叶斯框架下如何快速做出选择提供了理论依据:首先,在复杂和有时间压力的竞赛情景中,启发式近似假设运动员依据竞赛中不同信息源的不确定程度,很可能选择在运动学信息和情境先验之间进行切换启发式,提高运动预期的效率。其次,判断效用通过卷积效应影响两种信息源的整合,降低情境先验的影响程度。     

贝叶斯决策理论对复杂运动决策中运动预期的启发——以网球和足球为例

对运动决策的研究是认知运动心理学的一个重要领域。运动预期被认为是运动决策的核心, 受到运动学和非运动学信息的影响。其中, 对运动预期研究的一个关键问题是探讨不同信息源对运动结果预期的贡献以及两者之间的相互作用。研究者运用贝叶斯决策理论解释运动预期中不同信息的整合过程, 分析运动员在复杂的竞赛情景中如何做出最佳决策, 尤其是对该理论在网球和足球领域的潜在应用进行分析。在不确定的情况下, 竞技体育中并非所有的选择、结果或概率都是已知的, 故有研究者认为概率论和经典的决策理论不能有效解决此类问题。然而新近提出的启发式近似, 为运动员在贝叶斯框架下如何快速做出选择提供了理论依据：首先, 在复杂和有时间压力的竞赛情景中, 启发式近似假设运动员依据竞赛中不同信息源的不确定程度, 很可能选择在运动学信息和情境先验之间进行切换启发式, 提高运动预期的效率。其次, 判断效用通过卷积效应影响两种信息源的整合, 降低情境先验的影响程度。     

生物运动信息加工模型

人类可以从生物体的各种运动行为中获得丰富的社会信息,以满足社会交往的需求。视觉系统对生物运动信息的加工是一个复杂的过程,不同于对其他普通客体的加工能力。研究者们采用不同的方法,分别从各自的角度来研究这一过程,同时也建立了一系列模型。其中早期模型关注视觉系统加工生物运动信息的过程和方法;近期模型则采用脑成像手段构建生物运动信息加工的神经网络。这些模型包含了很多有价值的研究成果,但是也存在需要进一步完善的地方。     

医患沟通中患者的信息认知

医患沟通在医疗过程中发挥着重要的作用,沟通中的主要内容是信息交流,信息交流的主要目标是达到医患双方的相互理解.论述影响医患沟通中信息认知的几个因素,其中包括信息的形式,情绪因素,沟通行为因素三个方面.通过对这些因素的干预,提高患者对信息的认知能力将使医患沟通更加有效,从而有利于合作式的医患关系的形成.     

冲突视阈下类别信息与个体信息知觉负载的认知控制效应

个体根据知觉选择、反应偏向以及实时更新的情境信息调节自身状态,以适应性地促进对当前知觉信息的灵活编码,这一过程即为印象形成的认知控制。采用词语判断任务与侧抑制任务的变式将他人信息(类别信息vs.个体信息)分成高、低知觉负载两种水平,考察了冲突视阈下认知控制策略对他人印象形成的调控作用及知觉负载的效应。结果发现:(1)知觉负载影响他人印象形成的认知控制策略。(2)当类别信息与个体信息存在知觉冲突且个体的知觉负载较高时,受到反应性控制的作用,他人印象形成易出现冲突适应偏向; 当个体的知觉负载较低时,他人印象形成易受主动性控制的作用,从而产生冲突抑制偏向。这些结果表明,当个体形成他人印象时,其认知控制策略因受知觉负载影响而呈现分阶段加工特征。     

Cues to intention: the role of movement information

Body movement provides a rich source of cues about other people’s goals and intentions. In the present research, we investigate how well people can distinguish between different social intentions on the basis of movement information. Participants observed a model reaching toward and grasping a wooden block with the intent to cooperate with a partner, compete against an opponent, or perform an individual action. In Experiment 1, a temporal occlusion procedure was used as to determine whether advance information gained during the viewing of the initial phase of an action allowed the observers to discriminate across movements performed with different intentions. In Experiment 2, we examined what kind of cues observers relied upon for the discrimination of intentions by masking selected spatial areas of the model (i.e., the arm or the face) maintaining the same temporal occlusion as for Experiment 1. Results revealed that observers could readily judge whether the object was grasped with the intent to cooperate, compete, or perform an individual action. Seeing the arm was better than seeing the face for discriminating individual movements performed at different speeds (natural-speed vs. fast-speed individual movements). By contrast, seeing the face was better than seeing the arm for discriminating social from individual movements performed at a comparable speed (cooperative vs. natural-speed individual movements, competitive vs. fast-speed individual movements). These results demonstrate that observers are attuned to advance movement information from different cues and that they can use such kind of information to anticipate the future course of an action.     

Temporal perception is enhanced for goal-directed biological actions

ABSTRACT

Research into the visual perception of goal-directed human action indicates that human action perception makes use of specialized processing systems, similar to those that operate in visual expertise. Against this background, the current research investigated whether perception of temporal information in goal-directed human action is enhanced relative to similar motion stimuli. Experiment 1 compared observers’ sensitivity to speed changes in upright human action to a kinematic control (an animation yoked to the motion of the human hand), and also to inverted human action. Experiment 2 compared human action to a non-human motion control (a tool moved the object). In both experiments observers’ sensitivity to detecting the speed changes was higher for the human stimuli relative to the control stimuli, and inversion in Experiment 1 did not alter observers’ sensitivity. Experiment 3 compared observers’ sensitivity to speed changes in goal-directed human and dog actions, in order to determine if enhanced temporal perception is unique to human actions. Results revealed no difference between human and dog stimuli, indicating that enhanced speed perception may exist for any biological motion. Results are discussed with reference to theories of biological motion perception and perception in visual expertise.     

Measuring human social perception directly

The perception of social behavior is direct when ecological correlates which specify a pattern are not manpulated. Spatial and temporal information appear to be two major correlates which facilitate human perception of ongoing social action. When these two correlates are disrupted in some fashion, the resulting action is ambiguous and its perception requires cognitive mediation on the part of the observers. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to current social perception theory and research.     

Perceiving choice and constraint: the effects of contextual and behavioral cues on attitude attribution

We examined how features of the situation and the target's behavior in the attitude-attribution paradigm may lead observers to infer that the behavior was performed purposefully and how these perceptions may contribute to correspondence bias. Experiment 1 demonstrated that cues suggesting that essay assignment resulted from the target's purposeful action lead to correspondent inferences. When these cues were absent, observers' inferences were not correspondent. Experiment 2 demonstrated that observers are sensitive to cues emitted by the target (facial expressions of delight and disappointment) and that those cues' meaning depends on the context in which they take place. When the essay was freely chosen, the expression had little effect; observers judged that the essay accurately reflected the target's attitudes. When the essay assignment was constrained, observers used the expressions to discount the essay when judging the target's attitudes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the study of correspondent inferences and correspondence bias.     

Visual Perception of Support-Surface Deformability From Human Body Kinematics

Riccio and Stoffregen (1988) argued that dynamical properties of a surface of support influence the control of behavior. This implies that the kinematic form of events, including the movements of a behaving animal, will be influenced by the dynamics (e.g., rigidity, tilt, friction) of the surfaces on which they occur. For any behavior in which the execution is constrained (influenced) by a surface, the kinematics of the body should provide information about the dynamics of the surface. Such kinematics could be used for perception of action-relevant surface properties by the behaving animal or by observers who view the animal's behavior. We evaluated the latter possibility by presenting observers with point-light displays (Johansson, 1973) of an actor on rigid and deformable surfaces. In Experi- ment 1, observers identified support-surface deformability as the dimension of variability, selecting it from a variety of dynamical dimensions. In the remaining experiments observers differentiated the surfaces across a wide range of behaviors including walking, running, and push-ups. The surfaces were not differentiated for other behaviors, such as hopping and sit-ups. The data cannot be accounted for in terms of sensitivity to deformation (a nondynamic property) rather than to deformability (a dynamic property). We conclude that observers are sensitive to the deformability of support surfaces, and that this sensitivity can be based solely on kinematic stimulation. This is consistent with Riccio and Stoffregen's (1988) theory of the perception and control of bodily orientation.     

Beyond ba-ba and gu-gu: Challenges and strategies in coding infant vocalizations

Infant vocal behaviors are extremely complex. Consequently, coding these behaviors is difficult and is typically associated with low reliability across observers. Various difficulties that arise when dealing with prelinguistic vocalizations, especially in the first 6 months of life, are outlined here. A proposed database of digitized infant vocalizations that illustrates strategies used to deal with these difficulties is then described. These strategies are based on theoretical infraphonological constructs, empirical observations, and information about the nature of mature phonological systems. Furthermore, the strategies are open-ended and can be modified as new information becomes available regarding infant vocal behaviors. At present, a preliminary database is available on the Web that illustrates some of these strategies. As the database is expanded, it is expected to provide a general framework for observers to categorize infant vocalizations and thereby enhance observer reliability.     

Perception of Kinematic Characteristics in the Motion of Lifted Weight

It has been widely shown that human observers are able to perceive lifted weight from the observation of a point-light display of the lifter's action. In the experiments reported here, the kinematic information used by observers to perceive a lifted weight was determined. In Experiment 1, observers (N equals: 30) were able to identify weights (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kg) successfully by observing only the lift phase of the action. Other procedures, such as walking while holding the weight and placing the weight on a table, did not result in significantly improved estimations. In Experiment 2, the kinematic patterns used by 4 lifters with weights varying from 5 to 25 kg were examined. Changes in weight lifted resulted in changes in lift velocity, hip angle, and dwell time. In Experiment 3, in which 15 observers participated, these 3 kinematic variables were experimentally manipulated. The results indicated that observation was most significantly influenced by variations in lift velocity. The results are discussed in relation to kinematic specification of dynamics and heuristic approaches.     

Attributed intentions and informational selectivity

Three experiments tested the hypothesis that ascribing a specific intention to an actor prior to witnessing his behavior leads an observer to preferentially recall action bearing on the intention. In each case, subjects were exposed to an action sequence which mixed elements appropriate to more than one intention. Recall of action was compared among different observers who were led to attribute different intentions to the same actors. Selective remembering favoring intent-relevant action is demonstrated in all three studies. The second experiment offers evidence that selectivity operates during observation of an actor rather than retrospectively. The third experiment suggests that attributions about intentions are more potent determiners of such selectivity than are characteristics of an actor related to his behavior but not bearing on his intention and indicates that observer characteristics interact with attributed intentions to determine recall. Interpretation of the findings suggests that accurate attribution of intentions can facilitate social exchange by attuning partners to the planned aspects of each other's behavior, while misapprehension of intentions can preclude coordinated interaction by misdirecting attention to irrelevant action or to responses coerced by the observer.     

Visual memory for agents and their actions

Humans spend a considerable amount of time remembering other individuals' actions. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the visual system stores information about the identities of agents and their actions. To address this, I used a change detection method where observers were asked to remember agents and the actions they performed. Results show that observers can maintain information about both 2-3 agents and 2-3 actions simultaneously. However, they are highly impaired for remembering which agent performed which action, indicating that agent and action information are retained separately in visual working memory. Further experiments show that agent and action information can be bound together when the visual input contains the appropriate cues. However, this binding process significantly reduces the total amount of information that can be retained. Together, these results show that (1) an additional, resource-demanding process is needed to integrate agent and action information stored in separate working memory stores, and (2) the extent to which these two types of information are bound into integrated units depends largely on the presence of specific cues in the visual input.