La construction sociale de la ressource en eau

This study deals with the way in which users represent water, how they perceive it, how they evaluate it (in terms of problem, in the space, and in the individuals–water relationship) and how they consume it according to the place where they live (Brittany vs. Paris Region; France), their attachment to this place and their level of personal involvement in relation to this resource. One hundred and ten semi-directive questionnaires, from both regions, were analyzed. The results show a social representation of the water based on two conceptions: the water is thought as vital natural resource or of consumption good. The study tends then to show the way in which these conceptions influence the evaluation of water quality and concerned practices.     

Partage des tâches parentales au sein des couples de mères lesbiennes françaises ayant eu recours à une insémination artificielle avec donneur anonyme

This study, based on a questionnaire survey, examines the division of labor within 52 lesbian couples in France raising at least one child between 6 months and 5 years of age, conceived by anonymous donor insemination. Biological mothers showed slightly more involvement in childcare than non-biological mothers who spent more time in paid employment. The couples’ satisfaction with this asymmetry could be explained by their oscillation between biocentered and/or gendered representations of family and an egalitarian ideal. The link between social support and recognition on one hand, and on the other hand, the modalities of division of labor and related satisfaction seems to show, in a context of legal, judicial and symbolic precariousness, that these couples need parental and familial legitimization.     

Communication engageante et représentations sociales : une application en faveur de la protection de l’environnement et du recyclage

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of several communication strategies, by articulating the binding communication paradigm and the social representation theory, in order to encourage young sportsmen to act for environmental protection. A pilot study made it possible to identify central and peripheral elements of the social representation of environmental protection. An experiment was conducted and the results conform to our expectations. On one hand, the participants in the binding communication situation express attitudes and behavioral intentions more favorable towards recycling and environmental protection than those who only read the persuasive message. On the other hand, the activation of central elements involves more important changes in attitudes and behavioral intentions than the activation of peripheral elements.     

Les nouvelles technologies au service des personnes âgées : entre promesses et interrogations - Une revue de questions

Based on a literature review, this article proposes to discuss the psychosocial stakes dependent for the use of new technologies for the elderly. This reveals that if these devices have undeniable assets which can contribute to improve comfort and with the quality of life of the elders, he does not remain about it less than the fast development of these technologies also cause a series of interrogations relating to the maintenance of the psychic and social integrity of these users. These systems can thus cause a new form of dependence (with the technical assistance) and accentuate - paradoxically - the stigmatization of people by the construction of a new profile: “the technically assisted elders”.     

Pronostic de l’intention de départ chez les sapeurs-pompiers volontaires en France

The fire departments in France currently experience a growing need in volunteer stuff. At the same time the turnover rate among volunteers remains high. Intention to leave was mainly examined on the population of permanent workers, while the antecedents of intention to leave among volunteers are still undervalued. We suggest the existence of specific effects different from those previously coined out in standard organisational settings. Thus, the present study seeks to identify first- and second-order factors of intention to leave among volunteer fire-fighters. The literature review leads us to the proposition of three conceptual models that vary in terms of main mediators. Either job satisfaction, or organisational commitment, or both of them are envisaged as having the main mediating effect in the model. One hundred and thirty-nine volunteer fire-fighters returned completed questionnaires. The data was further analysed via path analysis in LISREL 8.80. The results partly confirm the model, according to which job satisfaction mediates the effects of organisational commitment, job involvement, perceived organisational support and motivation. Two variables – satisfaction with supervisors and length of service – are identified as main predictors of intention to leave. Job involvement and perceived organisational support are confirmed as second-order mediators of the effects exercised onto turnover intention by affective and normative commitment, satisfaction with colleagues and work, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results also indicate the necessity to examine the role of different dimensions of organisational attitudinal variables independently. Thus, the most salient dimension of satisfaction refers to the relationship with supervisors. As regards organisational commitment, its calculate dimension appears to have no significant effects at all; while affective one is characterised by a weak effect on intention to leave contrary to the results previously reported. The only individual variable having a significant effect on intention to leave is the volunteer fire-fighter's length of service. We conclude that instead of seeking to identify the appropriate selection criteria helping to reduce the existing turnover rate among volunteer fire-fighters, it is time to focus further research on the practices of organisational socialisation in order to reduce the current level of turnover. The main conclusion of the study emphasises the role the attitudes towards organisation plays in the decision of a volunteer fire-fighter to resign.     

Les troubles des comportements alimentaires chez des étudiants de première année : une étude prospective multigroupes

There is increasing use of the phrase “campus eating symptoms” to describe regular binge eating (together with frequent exercise, and occasional reliance on vomiting or laxatives), concerns about body image, depressive symptoms, stress, and university adjustment problems among students. Incidence of eating disorders in the early grades of university is increasing, and the period from age 17–19 years (peak of bulimia) which corresponds to the beginning of study at university is critical. Given the stressful environment that is the 1st academic year, it is useful to consider eating disorders risk factors.

Method

Our study is longitudinal. At the beginning, the participants consisted of 1110 freshmen. Data regarding adjustment to university, gender, body image, BMI, transactional variables (perceived stress and coping) and eating disorders (EAT-26) were collected. At T2 (end of academic year), 556 students were recruited to reassess their eating behaviours. The aim of the study was to test gender invariance of a theoretical eating disorders model including all these variables and eating disorders measured a year apart from a mixed population integrating the university for the first times. This model assumes that these variables exert direct effects on eating disorders as measured in time one who in turn will affect the stability of these troubles a year later. Although very little research include boys in the study of eating disorders, the results of our multi-group analysis support the idea of the existence of sex differences in eating disorder predictors: the only common predictor of eating disorders among girls and boys was the use emotion-focused coping. Among boys, the best predictors of eating disorders were problem-focused coping, and seeking social support. Among girls, our results revealed that body mass index, body image, and academic adjustment and stress were the predictors of eating disorders. Finally, we found a temporal stability of eating disorders. This study showed that personal and contextual aspects have a direct impact on students’ eating behaviour. However, among boys, neither body image nor perceived stress affect the eating behaviour but how they cope with stress. The gender gap in the explanation of eating disorders suggest to not exclude the male population in this type of study and to treat the data separately.     

Schémas cognitifs, croyances addictives et défenses dans la consommation et l’addiction au cannabis de jeunes adultes

Theoretical background

Integrating the cognitive approaches based on the model of Beck et al. (1993) information treatment, the Young (1994) model of maladapted schemas, the integrative approach of Plutchik (1995) and the clinical approach based on defense mechanisms (Bond, 1995), this study aimed at investigating: (a) the role of the hyperactivated maladapted schemas, (b) the addictive beliefs, (c) the suractivation of the conscious derives of defensive mechanisms and (d) the relationships between these cognitive and defensive variables, in young people's cannabis intensity addiction.

Method

Forty-four young adults, 25 females and 19 males, have completed a self-reported questionnaire estimating: (a) the intensity of cannabis addiction (Décamps et al., 2008), (b) the Rusinek (2006) adaptation of Young's maladapted schemas and (c) the questionnaire of addictive beliefs of Tison and Hautekeete (1998) and the defensive styles questionnaire of Bond et al. (1983) and Bond (1995). Non-parametric statistical analysis has been conducted on three subject's groups (“non-users”, “users non addicted”, “users-addicted”) to test the implications and the links between hypothesized psychological factors (e.g., schemas, beliefs and defences) in cannabis use intensity.

Results and discussion

The intensity of cannabis addiction is correlated significantly with: (a) an hyperactivation of three maladapted schemas: inadequate autocontrol, dependence and fear of lose the control, (b) a hyperactivation of permissive, anticipatory and relief oriented beliefs and (c) a higher activation of the defence “sublimation” and a lower activation of the “displacement”. “sublimation” is correlated with the global activation of 13 schemas that are correlated with the positive relief-oriented beliefs, which are correlated with the “displacement” defence, which is correlated with the anticipatory beliefs. The results showed that the permissive beliefs have the power to differentiate the “non-consumption”, the “consumption without addiction” and “the addiction” to cannabis. Our interpretation displays that greater attention to the dysfunctional beliefs will be required in future researches and should be essential targets in cognitive therapy of this substance use disorder.     

Vers des normes francophones pour le Rorschach en système intégré : premiers résultats sur un échantillon de 146 adultes

We present the main features of the European French-Speaking Normative Study for the Rorschach comprehensive system (CS) in adults. After reviewing previous attempts at establishing norms and diverse methodological considerations, we justify the choices made for the present project based on a clear definition of the sample, careful control of recruitment and quality of data collection procedures. Results of phase 1 (N =146) are presented and analyzed. Main variables from the CS are described and some key variables are compared to samples currently used as references (from the US). Differences are observable, although it is too early at this point to draw any conclusions that could influence interpretation. Such conclusions will be formulated when data collection is completed (final objective N =450).     

Adaptation française d’une version courte de l’Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem pour enfants (Child Sex Role Inventory)

The main objective of this work is to propose a French adaptation of the Child Sex Role Inventory (CSRI; Boldizar, 1991) in a short form. This one will be called “Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem-enfants” (IRSB-E). The validation of the new inventory followed the main recommendations of Vallerand (1989): (1) conception of a preliminary version; (2) evaluation of items’ clarity and concomitant validity of the questionnaire; (3) evaluation of its construct validity by the analysis of its factorial structure (Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses); (4) evaluation of internal consistency and fidelity test-retest of the instrument and (5) study of the correlates. On the whole, five studies implying 654 subjects were carried out. In its final version, the questionnaire comprises two sub scales called masculinity and femininity made up of nine and eight items respectively, gathering on three dimensions for the masculinity scale (i.e., self-affirmation, competition, leadership) and two dimensions for the femininity scale (i.e., sensitivity to others, tenderness). The construct validity of the questionnaire was attested by (a) exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and (b) correlates in conformity with the theory. This tool made it possible to reproduce data evoked in the literature, in particular positive correlations between masculinity and masculine-stereotyped activities (e.g., mathematics, sport practice) on the one hand, and self-esteem on the other hand; femininity being rather negatively correlated with self-esteem and sport practice but positively related to perceived competence in French.     

Le rôle de la mémoire de travail dans la production écrite de textes

Integration of capacity (Just and Carpenter, 1992) and componentiel (Baddeley, 1986) conceptions of working memory in models of text composition (Hayes, 1996 ; Kellogg, 1996 ; McCutchen, 1996) has allowed studying several facets of the role of working memory in writing acquisition and in expert management of the writing processes. This article presents these two conceptions and examines their respective contribution in the field of writing research from two perspectives: The demands of the writing processes (in terms of processing and transient storage) and the influence of working memory capacity on the control of production. The conclusion underlines the importance of investigating the on-line management of text production, the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and to link strategies for allocating the working memory resources with text quality.     

Adolescent(e)s à haut potentiel intellectuel : des configurations familiales plurielles

This research captures the diversity of family patterns among gifted adolescents (IQ ≥ 130). Data on the perceived parental's support and investment in schooling, family relationships and sociobiographic characteristics were collected by questionnaire from 255 French junior high school gifted students (48 girls, 207 boys), aged 9 to 15 (M = 12.5; SD = 1.51). A hierarchical cluster analysis highlights the existence of four types differentiated, thereby going against a standardized and stereotypical representation of this population.     

Le rattachement lexical de la liaison : une expérience d’amorçage chez des enfants prélecteurs

The goal of the present study is a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in child segmentation of words in liaison context, where the boundary between a word1 and a word2 is ambiguous. In a priming experiment in prereaders aged 5–6 years, we examined the nature of the lexical representations, using a picture-naming task (deux ours). Targets were preceded by lexically related or unrelated auditory primes, that share the same liaison consonant or not (trois ours, un ours, trois oublis, un oubli). The results suggest that the liaison consonant is lexically encoded at the initial of variants of the word2 (/nurs/, /zurs/ for ours). They support the usage-based model of liaison acquisition [J Child Lang 36 (2009) 557–596].     

La production et la compréhension de références dans les théories psychologiques actuelles du dialogue

Dialogue is a joint activity during which at least two partners interact in order to reach a common goal. Throughout the interaction, each speaker resorts to a number of processes, which contribute to dialogue success. Several theoretical approaches have been developed in order to account for these processes. Among these approaches, the collaborative approach can be considered as the most influent one in the field. This approach offers a global framework for dialogue by pointing out that interactively building up mutual knowledge allows partners to adapt to each other during the remainder of the interaction. This implies that speakers frequently resort to costly inferential processes to determine what their partner is likely to know and what he or she is also likely to ignore. However, this approach has seriously been challenged by the egocentric approach, which suggests that speakers sometimes fail to take into account their partners’ dialogic needs. Furthermore, recent work within this approach has pointed out that adaptation is not systematically necessary for dialogue to succeed – rather, individual processes at play within each speaker incidentally contribute to mutual understanding. The probabilistic approach offers a means to overcome the apparent discrepancy between collaboration and egocentrism by showing how the processes at play during reference production and comprehension may be simultaneously affected by both kinds of influences. Moreover, the relative weighting of each kind of influence depends on the characteristics of the dialogue situation per se: speakers are more or less likely to act collaboratively depending on the situation they find themselves in. Finally, the interactive alignment model offers a qualitatively different framework for dialogue, as it suggests that most dialogic behaviors can be accounted for by one single automatic process. The aim of the current review is to provide a thorough presentation of each of these approaches, and to determine to what extent they are compatible with each other, on one hand and how they differ, on the other. We also raise the question of the apparent easiness of dialogue, looking at how – according to each approach – speakers deal with the individual and collective costs inherent in dialogue. We finally point out a number of issues that remain to be addressed in this research field.     

Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Short Stature: The Twofold Contribution of Physical Growth and Adaptive Height-Related Cognitive Beliefs

This study aimed to examine the health-related quality of life (HrQoL), coping, height-related beliefs, and social support of children/adolescents with short stature, the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables associated with HrQoL, and the moderating role of sociodemographic and clinical variables on the associations between psychosocial variables and HrQoL. 114 Portuguese children/adolescents with short stature, aged 8–18 years old, completed the Quality of Life in Short Stature Youth questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Social Support Scale. Regression analyses explained 54% of the variance of HrQoL, with significant main effects of current height deviation and height-related beliefs, and a significant interaction effect between beliefs and diagnosis. Results suggest that a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach, not only focused on hormone treatment to boost physical growth, but also including psychosocial interventions focused on the modification of height-related beliefs, may contribute to improve the HrQoL of pediatric patients with short stature.

     

Biological correlates of social support and pressure at work in managers

The aim was to explore the patterns of correlations between psychosocial stress indices and neuroendocrinological factors in managers. Fifty-eight male managers in three Swedish companies constituted the sample. They answered two questionnaires with 17 selected stress indices and also an organizational test. The indices have been analyzed by means of computations of age adjusted partial correlations with nine different variables analyzed in fasting blood samples. The serum concentrations of lipids were the variables most strongly correlated with psychosocial factors. Neither smoking nor physical activity changed the correlations significantly. Good social support at work and in private life was consistently associated with low adverse serum lipids and corresponding lipoproteins. On the other hand, some indices of social support were associated with indices of high arousal levels. This may indicate a possible psychophysiological “load effect” of some aspects of social support in managers. The analyses of corporate culture measured as “Rules of the Game” indicated that “bureaucracy” was significantly associated with high LDL-cholesterol and low HDL-cholesterol. Managers have special conditions and therefore the patterns of associations between psychosocial conditions and coping strategies on one hand and endocrine-biochemical state on the other hand may be different, from those of other groups. To what extent such differences are due to individual characteristics or environmental factors needs to be further investigated. According to the results, however, good social support is in general health promoting also to managers, at least with regard to serum lipids. Bureaucracy, on the other hand, seems to be dangerous to the health of managers.     

Les tâches de développement : un concept à redécouvrir

Over 60 years ago, developmental and educational psychologist Robert J. Havighurst (1948, 1953, 1972) proposed the concept of “developmental-task” in order to better understand and help improve if necessary the psychosocial development of the individual. This concept is still widely used in German and Anglo-American psychology and deserves, according to us, to be better known in France. Thus, the aim of the paper is to present different aspects of this concept and to demonstrate its interest for developmental psychology.     

Analyse d’un modèle théorique de la conception dimensionnelle du narcissisme pathologique : incidences probables sur le leadership organisationnel

The purpose of this case study is to examine the appropriateness of the dimensional model of pathological narcissism developed by Roche, Pincus, Lukowitsky, Ménard and Conroy (2013). The exploration was essentially focused on decompensatory segment (failure of maladaptive self-enhancement strategies) of this model. By using a longitudinal research design, the results, although fragmentary, isolated a positive relationship between the two dimensions – grandiosity and vulnerability – of pathological narcissism. This positive relationship exists both in compensatory segment (use of maladaptive self-enhancement strategies) and in decompensatory segment of the model.     

Disponibilité à la psychothérapie et à l’engagement dans les soins chez les patientes boulimiques : contribution du Rorschach

The instability of involvement in the care process and psychotherapy is frequent among bulimic women. The preliminary evaluation of the capacity of involvement helps to make the decision to begin specific care with these patients. We thus make the assumption that involvement in the care process can express itself in indexes of Rorschach when this test is part of a prior examination of orientation at the beginning of the care. These indexes concern the relationship dependence and the capacity of development of subjective expression. They appear in several analysis registers of the Rorschach protocol, which are: the scale of oral dependence (ROD); the index of expressive capacity (EX); the recurring object (ORec); contents in connection with the representation of dependence among bulimic women. A group of 34 bulimic women involved in multifocal care process, especially including a psychoanalytical-inspired psychotherapy (ES) is compared with a group of 34 bulimic women who precociously stopped this care or didn’t get involved in it (NES). The subjects of the ES group received care during at least 1 year. The comparison between the two groups shows significant differences in the pretherapeutic indexes (ROD, ORec). The interest and the limits of this type of analysis are debated.     

Attachement père-cadet et qualité des relations fraternelles cadet-aîné

The aim of this study is to establish a link between the father-child attachment and the quality of the sibling relationships for school-age children, by taking into account the theoretical and methodological evolution of this specific attachment. Fifty-seven fathers answered the Questionnaire of Opening up to the World [Défi jeunesse, 8 (2002) 6–12], which defines the father-child attachment (or activation) on two axes: the stimulation (social, cognitive and emotional) and the paternal control exercised over the child. The Questionnaire “Sibling Relationships in Young Children” [Troupel, O., 2006. Attachement fraternel, styles de relations et des interactions de tutelle au sein des fratries de jeunes enfants : effet modulateur de la représentation des relations fraternelles de l’aîné. Thèse de doctorat nouveau régime, université de Toulouse–Le-Mirail] gives insight into the quality of sibships. Children, with a secure attachment to their father, demonstrate a higher level of cooperation with their elder sibling than the other children, in particular those which receive excessive control and little stimulation from their fathers. The hypothesis that the stimulation of the second-born child by the father on the peer side is directly linked to the quality of the sibships is not confirmed. Other results on father-child attachment and sibships are discussed.     

Confinement : construction d’une nouvelle représentation sociale chez les étudiants et les salariés

IntroductionThe lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was a brutal experience that had a lasting impact on people's daily lives.ObjectiveThe construction of the social representation of this event was monitored over one year in two sampling phases (March 2020 and March 2021).MethodThe evolution of social representation was carried out using the hierarchical verbal association method and a characterisation questionnaire.ResultsThe results obtained highlighted, on one hand, the emergence of a figurative core, which is transformed into a central core by the repetition and pressure of the lockdown episodes. On the other hand, the variability of the social representation of confinement according to social status, employees structure the social representation around isolation whereas students are focused on loneliness.ConclusionThe effects of lockdown are reflected in the social representation of confinement, showing an impact on mental health, particularly on students.