全球公民社会:理论模式与研究框架

全球公民社会作为一种兴起于上世纪末的新话语,在新世纪初已备受关注。西方学术界围绕着全球公民社会的概念、全球公民社会的产生与发展以及全球公民社会对现实政治的影响及其发展趋势等问题展开了广泛讨论,并且形成了不同的理论分析框架和研究阵营。虽然西方的全球公民社会研究取得了一系列的成果,但是仍表现出规范性研究不足、研究主要囿于自由民主框架中等不足之处。我国学者已分别从国际关系、政治学和政治哲学的角度关注全球公民社会,但从总体上看,这一领域的研究力量还比较薄弱,成果不足,进一步的研究有待作出。     

“策略关系”国家理论:走向“结构—能动性”的辩证

迄今为止,马克思主义国家理论的谱系一直围绕"结构"与"能动性"展开,国家垄断资本主义和资本逻辑学派侧重于"结构"的维度,葛兰西以及新葛兰西主义的国家理论则侧重于"能动性"的维度。为弥补"结构"与"能动性"的二元论问题,杰索普创建了"策略关系"国家理论,很好的解决了"结构"与"能动性"问题,有力地推进了马克思主义国家理论的研究。不过,"策略关系"国家理论本身也存在一些问题,值得我们认真反思。     

“策略关系”国家理论的再展开

20世纪80年代,国家理论的研究重心从中欧的马克思主义转移到了北美的社会科学。为了应对由此而来的挑战,杰索普吸收了系统理论、调节理论、拉克劳、墨菲的话语理论,试图在重新思考国家和社会关系的基础上,进一步完善"策略关系"国家理论,从而达到了杰索普新马克思主义国家理论重构的顶峰。     

马克思国家理论的二重性维度

马克思的国家理论,是阶级统治论和社会融合论的统一:国家既是阶级统治的工具,也是平衡社会各阶级利益的工具;国家既具有阶级压迫和剥削功能,又具有维护社会公共利益,管理社会公共事务等职能。在国家的二重性质中,阶级性是本质属性,阶级统治职能是其根本职能。国家的融合性质服从并服务于国家的阶级性质,国家公共事务的管理范围及管理方式,最终由国家的阶级本质决定。当代国家理论研究中的诸多争论,都可以从马克思国家理论的二重性维度中得到澄清。     

医患关系内涵及模式:基于社会交换理论的研究

梳理了国外医患关系的相关文献,基于社会交换理论视角探析医患关系的内涵,深入剖析了医疗质量和患者信任是构成医患关系的两个重要因子,并进一步构建了简约化的四类医患关系模式,即和谐医患关系模式、改善医患关系模式、不善医患关系模式和紧张医患关系模式。认为医患关系的建立是一个动态的过程,在诊疗过程中医患关系模式之间是可以相互转换的,患者信任是构建和谐医患关系的基础,为我国和谐医患关系的建立进行了理论上的探索。     

商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家

本文根据哈贝马斯的访华演讲和相关著述,对商讨理论视野中的伦理、民主、人权和民族国家概念进行了考察,并在此基础上提出了某些基本的判断和论点。     

理论的建构与验证:来自社会认同研究的经验(英文)

科学研究的核心在于理论的建构与验证。基于社会认同和群际关系研究的经验,本文提出了建构与验证心理学理论的四步方法:1)选择现象——观察我们身边及周围世界所发生的事件;2)寻找关键共性——厘定不同事件间的共同成份;3)抽象化(理论化)——提取关键共性中潜存的基本心理过程,并将其与已有的或者最新的理论相联系;4)验证假设——利用实验反复地验证理论。以上四个步骤引导着研究者针对现实生活中的社会事件展开科学研究。文章将以等级身份、身份霸权和桥梁身份等研究为例阐明上述方法,同时也提出在社会和人格心理学领域开展系统性研究的准则。     

全球治理:公民社会与宗教发展

在全球化的进程当中,宗教发展已经很难“遁世”、“隐居”,更不可能独善其身。虽然现代化是推动全球化发展的重要力量,但在现代化之前,早已出现了全球化的基督宗教、伊斯兰教、佛教等跨国界发展。从治理的向度来说,宗教发展融合了国家、市场、社会的对立关系,重新创造性的结合国家、市场与社会,引导世界走向善治。而宗教组织要寻求全球性的发展甚至推动全球公民社会的实现,就有赖于跨国社会运动组织的发展。因此,如果20世纪的政治遗产是民族国家组成的世界体系,那么21世纪就是建构一个善治的全球公民社会。     

霍布斯政治论著中的“人”和“国家”观念

<正>一、霍布斯政治理论的国家面向与公民面向德国学者奥托·基尔克曾在其名著《中世纪诸政治理论》中深刻阐明了现代政治的基本特征:"(中间层级渐趋消弭……)国家主权(the Sovereignty of the State)与个人主权(the Sovereignty of theIndividual)均稳步增进,逐渐成为两条中心原理(axioms)--所有社会结构的理论莫不以其作为出发点,而二者之间的关系亦将成为所有理论聚讼的焦点所系。"(Gierke,p.87)霍布斯闻名于世,多半是因其创造的"利维坦"(Leviathan)使之成为现代国家理论的深刻与系统的阐发者。经由其创造性转化,"利维坦"已从《旧约》及犹太《圣经》外典里的凶残的巨兽,成为强     

社会资本理论与艾滋病防治

社会资本理论是近年来各学术领域的研究热点,被认为是一种存在于社会结构关系中的潜在的社会资源。根据社会资本的结构可将其划分为宏观社会资本、中观社会资本和微观社会资本三个层面。尝试性地把社会资本理论应用到艾滋病防治工作中,为更有效地开展艾滋病防治探索理论支持。     

EFFECTIVE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE WITHOUT EFFECTIVE GLOBAL GOVERNMENT: A CONTEMPORARY MYTH

Although the recent collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union has significantly reduced the near-term probability of nuclear disaster, it constitutes wishful thinking to imagine that meaningful and effective global governance is possible in today's world. The term “global governance” suggests and implies a degree of order and control in the international community far beyond that which presently exists, and that in fact could only be achieved by means of a global government. The global governance myth has emerged to help people cope with the uncongenial and presumably unavoidable reality that we are living in a world in which global government is impossible, and in which therefore the international condition is most accurately described as “international anarchy.” A dysfunctional myth is a belief that not only is false, but that discourages and deters thought and action toward overcoming uncongenial realities which are not, in fact, unavoidable. Global governance, in all likelihood, falls into the category of dysfunctional myth.     

Beyond the Crisis of the Globalized “World System”: the Need For a New Civil Society

In my view, we need a sociological analysis to show how the crisis stemmed from a certain set-up of the so-called global society. Such a set-up is the product of a long historical development, which goes beyond the financial crisis’ outbreak in 2008. The question I ask is the following: from a sociological standpoint, why did this crisis break out? And what remedies can be put in place? The measures adopted these days cannot solve the crisis, but, for a number of reasons, they can at most provide temporary stoppers and remedies.     

Evolution of the Global Corporation: A Systemic Perspective

The growth of the modern corporation from local and nationally centered origins to the multinational and then the global level is traced on the one hand to global flows of matter, energy, and information, and on the other to the geographic and political constraints exercised by nation-states. The emergence of the global corporation follows basic laws of evolution applicable to all complex systems, whether in nature or in society. Thus the global corporation is a new but not an anomalous phenomenon on the stage of history.     

意识和无意识活动的脑区能态理论

本文在脑的四个功能系统学说的基础上,提出脑区能态理论,研究有意识、无意识和潜意识。讨论有意识、无意识、潜意识的脑机制,指出有意识、无意识、潜意识的统一性。     

Terrorism and the New Forms of War

Abstract: The March 2003 American preemptive strike on Iraq and related events pose entirely new conceptual questions about the notion of a valid war. A “war on terrorism” goes well beyond any usual version of the “just‐war” concept, which is itself notoriously difficult, if not impossible, to apply in current international circumstances. The implications of the emerging forms of war are examined and are found to bear in an unexpected way on justifying war, “just war,” and justice in distributional and related respects.     

Participatory Policy-Making,Participatory Civil Society: A Key for Dissolving Elite Rule in New Democracies in the Era of Globalization

The author argues that in democracies a strong state and strong civil society are not mutually exclusive. Only a democratic, legitimate, and strong state can provide the environment for civil society activities to flourish; in return, only a strong and a participatory civil society can outline the reach of state strength vis-à-vis the society. The author discusses the need for civil society organizations to collaborate with policy-making institutions, in which they can negotiate policy concerns with ministers and officials while retaining an independent distance from the state and the political parties. Further, the author argues that an environment as such would provide for the transformative capacity of human agency to manifest itself in full in a globalizing world. The author discusses how participatory state and civil society structures will enhance the role of the human agency in order to dissolve elite rule, especially in new democracies.     

Beyond the International Relations framework: an essay in descriptive global ethics

Discussions of global ethics—about the types of ethical claim made on individuals and groups, not only states, by individuals and groups around the world—have had to move beyond the categories inherited in the International Relations discipline. Many important positions are not captured by a framework developed for discussion of inter-state relations. The blindspots seem to reflect an outmoded expectation that (i) giving low normative weight to national boundaries correlates strongly with (ii) giving more normative weight to people beyond one's national boundaries, and vice versa; in other words that these two dimensions in practice reduce to one. The paper develops an enriched categorisation. We need to recognise the separate importance of the two dimensions, and thus distinguish various types of ‘cosmopolitan’ position, including many varieties of libertarian position which give neither national boundaries nor pan-human obligations much (if any) importance.     

亲子间心理状态术语、非心理状态术语使用与儿童心理理论的关系

本研究通过观察亲子互动游戏来考查母亲———孩子间心理状态术语、非心理状态术语使用与儿童心理理论发展的关系。实验结果表明,控制了年龄因素后,儿童心理理论发展和母亲心理状态术语使用存在显著相关,提示母亲有效地谈论心理状态对儿童心理理论的发展具有影响;儿童心理理论发展与其心理状态术语使用也存在显著相关,提示儿童将心理理论任务中涉及的表征问题与信念词所隐含的表征属性相联系是形成心理理论、正确使用心理状态术语的前提。当控制了母亲和儿童的心理状态术语使用总数后,母亲及孩子非心理状态术语的使用与儿童心理理论发展都不再存在显著相关,提示非心理状态术语的使用是以心理状态术语使用为中介而对儿童的心理理论发展产生影响。     

揭示大脑奥秘的新途径:还原论与整合论的有机融合

脑科学研究经历了简单的整合论,到简单的还原论,发展到成熟的还原论,以及成熟的整合论,最终认知神经科学的延生标志着还原论与整合论的有机融合进入新阶段.认知神经科学强调多学科、多层次、多水平的交叉,研究的层次包括分子、突触、神经元、网络、脑区、系统、全脑及整体行为乃至环境、社会等.