抗生素与细菌耐药矛盾运动的哲学思考

在抗生素问世以前 ,人类的健康与生存曾一度受到细菌感染的威胁 ,人们在细菌感染面前束手无策 ,其发病率及死亡率均居高不下。随着磺胺、青霉素等一系列抗生素的相继问世 ,人类获得了一件征服细菌感染的有力武器 ,人们不再谈虎色变 ,在 2 0世纪 5 0年代、6 0年代 ,细菌感染的发病率及死亡率明显下降。然而 ,经历了 6 0多年的探索与实践 ,目前人类正面临着“抗生素危机” ,其实质为“抗生素耐药危机”(ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ -ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｃｒｉｓｉｓ) [1] 。本文旨从哲学角度探讨抗生素与细菌耐药这一对矛盾的发展演变过程及解决这…     

莫尔斯:文艺青年搞科研

正19世纪,美国发明家塞缪尔·莫尔斯因一台电报机的问世而成为时代的宠儿。莫尔斯出生于牧师家庭,青年时期的莫尔斯已对绘画和雕刻有了很深的造诣。但对于爱热闹的莫尔斯来说,旅行采风更为吸引人。然而,喜爱旅行的莫尔斯也因一次旅行而结束了他平坦舒适的画家之路。1832年10月1日,莫尔斯乘坐一艘名为"萨丽号"的自法国开往纽约的邮船,当邮船驶进浩瀚的大西洋时,令人猝不及防的风暴席卷了整个海面。风暴过后,一个名叫杰克逊的人走过来安慰莫尔斯。然而,     

一个杰出的科学研究纲领——试论牛顿的科学方法结构

伟大的科学家爱因斯坦指出:“牛顿的成就的重要性,并不限于为实际力学科学创造了一个可用的和逻辑上令人满意的基础,而且直到19世纪末,它一直是理论物理学领域中每一个工作者的纲领。”(《爱因斯坦文集》第1卷,第225页)牛顿的伟大成就之所以具有这种“纲领”的功能,不仅在于他的力学理论为人类的知识宝库增添了划时代的贡献,而且在于他酿     

文化可持续发展的承受性研究

可持续发展是 2 0世纪 80年代以来全世界共同关注的问题。本文通过东西方文化社会发展差异对比 ,分析工业文明在给人类带来物质文明的同时 ,给资源和环境等方面造成负面效应 ,阐述了人与自然关系的原始协调到危机冲突 ,分析了可持续发展的文化和社会的可承受性。提出用东方古老哲理思想整合西方文明所带来的人类社会发展弊端 ,走“天人合一”、“东西合壁”的可持续发展之路     

和辻哲郎对"作为人际之学的伦理学"的前提论证

提到“交往伦理”的理论 ,人们往往首先想到哈贝马斯 (ＪｕｒｇｅｎＨａｂｅｒｍａｓ,ｌ92 9— )。其实 ,早在 2 0世纪 3 0年代初期 ,日本的伦理学家和哲郎 (1 889- 1 960 )就关注人与人之间的交往关系并建立了相应的伦理学理论 ,提出了具有先驱意义的思想。作为一名日本的伦理学家 ,和哲郎的思考首先是从“人间”这个典型的日语词开始的。日语的“人间 (读作Ｎｉｎｇｅｎ)”一词是用来指称单独的人或人类总体的一个词语。因此 ,它并不是现代汉语中人世间、人类社会的意思。和哲郎的重要的伦理学著作《作为人际之学的伦理学》 (日语原…     

复制人面面观

当1997年2月发布了英国科学家魏芒(I.Wilmut)博士,成功地催生了无性生殖的“复制绵羊”(又称“克隆羊”),引起人类“复制人”的争议。尽管将来科学家“复制人”成功,是否人类已“创造人”?是否人已可以推翻神所启示的圣经?是否人已可摇撼基督教信仰的根基?这牵涉到基督教信仰的核心,特此加以分析,以可解疑。 1.何谓“复制人”? “复制人”其实就是“     

"沙盘游戏"的理论分析及其在幼儿教育中的应用研究

受荣格积极想象技术及其理论的启发 ,吸收了威尔斯 (H .G .Wells)、玛格丽特·洛温菲尔德 (MargaretLowenfeld)等人有关儿童游戏理论与操作之精要 ,多拉·卡尔夫 (DoraKallf)在 2 0世纪 6 0年代初创设了“沙盘游戏”理论。沙盘游戏作为一种有效而独特的挖掘人类潜意识的技术 ,在国外的发展非常成熟 ,应用十分广泛 ;而国内缺乏对该理论的引介与探讨 ,我们结合正在广州育才幼儿园所做的个案研究 ,概要介绍沙盘游戏的理论与操作 ,进而探索“沙盘游戏”在幼儿园教育实践中的具体应用。     

复制人面面观

当1997年2月发布了英国科学家魏芒(I.Wilmut)博士,成功地催生了无性生殖的“复制绵羊”(又称“克隆羊”),引起人类“复制人”的争议。尽管将来科学家“复制人”成功,是否人类已“创造人”?是否人已可以推翻神所启示的圣经?是否人已可摇撼基督教信仰的根基?这牵涉到基督教信仰的核心,特此加以分析,以可解疑。 1.何谓“复制人”? “复制人”其实就是“无性生     

论中医学理论体系的核心

1　引子2 0世纪 6 0年代出现的那一场关于“中医学理论体系的核心”(以下简称“核心问题”)的大讨论 ,虽然在 196 3年全国中医学院教材第 2版审修会议上达成所谓认识上的统一———“经过反复讨论 ,一致认识到脏腑经络、营卫气血理论是核心。”[1] 但这种出于教材规范之实用目的的“意志”意义上的所谓统一 ,决非意味着“核心问题”在现实中的实际解决 ,70年代到 90年代及至今日 ,中医学术界仍不乏“核心问题”之探究者 ,便是明证。虽然有关探究已不再有6 0年代那样的集中与激烈 ,而是零星散在的 ,但从来没有停止过。尽管早在 6 0年代便有学…     

张岱年学术思想及其独特价值

张岱年先生是“硕果仅存”的 2 0世纪中国学术大师之一。他从 30～ 4 0年代创立自己的学术体系 ,到 80～ 90年代完善升华 ,历经“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”四个阶段 ,走过了 70余年学术生涯。张先生不仅是中国 2 0世纪学术发展的见证人 ,而且是直接参与创造的一代学术大师。他为 2 0世纪中国哲学的现代转型指出了一条新路———“综合创新”之路。这条新路代表了中国哲学文化发展的正确方向 ,它是“2 0世纪文化讨论中 ,心态最健康、最有前瞻性 ,可以说是带有总结性的一种看法”。[1]一　张岱年的哲学体系2 0世纪 30～ 4 0年代 ,中西文化…     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.