组织中的社会阻抑:概念界定、影响结果和形成机制

社会阻抑是指长期的、蓄意地妨碍个体积极人际关系的建立和维持,影响个体在工作上的成功及良好名誉的行为.文章在介绍社会阻抑概念和测量的基础上,综述了社会阻抑在心理健康、自我效能感等个人层面和组织氛围层面的消极影响;接着阐明了个体对社会阻抑行为的实施和反应一方面受到人格、认知等内在因素的影响,另一方面也受到社会情境、社会支持等外在因素的影响.未来研究需进一步加强对社会阻抑概念、测量、研究方法、影响因素等方面的深入探讨.     

临时性组织中的快速信任：概念、形成前因及影响结果

快速信任是适应临时性组织的速成性、短期性和任务复杂性特点而形成的新的信任研究方向, 其一反传统信任对个性、人际关系和情感的关注而转向对认知、行为和角色的关注。利用快速信任能有效地管理临时性组织的脆弱性、不确定性、风险和期望问题。在介绍快速信任的概念和测量的基础上, 综述了影响快速信任形成的信任倾向、类别与原型和角色等因素, 并阐述了快速信任对团队及系统层面结果变量的影响。未来研究需对快速信任的情感成分、测量及维度划分、快速信任与领导的交互影响、快速信任下的不信任以及快速信任的动态发展方面展开深入探讨。     

特质积极共情：一种高利他性的人格品质

特质积极共情是对他人积极情绪信息感受和分享的能力。目前对特质积极共情的研究刚刚起步,在相关概念内涵上还有待进一步丰富和检验。特质积极共情可以有效促进亲社会行为倾向和良好人际关系的形成,是一种高利他性的人格品质。未来研究中,需要在明确并丰富特质积极共情的内涵界定基础上,开发更为有效的测量工具,探讨其促进社会功能背后的作用机制,并开展提升积极共情能力的理论研究和教育实践。     

基于正常人群的阈下自闭特质：概念、结构和影响因素

阈下自闭特质是正常人群表现出来的, 自闭症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)阈限以下温和的社会性、交流能力损伤以及与ASD相关的人格和认知特征。其研究有助于ASD的干预及对ASD实质的更好理解。研究者用共情–系统化理论对其进行了理论解释。近来研究表明阈下自闭特质的结构与ASD核心行为维度类似, 且遗传、性别、认知风格等因素影响阈下自闭特质水平。未来研究应更有效地对阈下自闭特质进行评估, 并进一步探讨其可能存在的病理性质、与ASD的理论界限等问题。     

组织健康：概念、特征及维度

组织面临空前激烈的挑战和压力,长期以来被忽视的组织健康正在受到国内外学者和企业界人士的关注和重视。作者对国内外已有研究成果进行了梳理,结合时代背景界定了组织健康的概念,总结了组织健康具有环境适应性、自我调节性、学习创新性、持续成长性和组织、员工与社会健康并存性等特征,并列举了现有研究的维度划分类型。目前学界对组织健康的研究尚处于探索阶段,组织健康的内涵、维度及其测量等基础性问题的解决是进一步开展组织健康前因后果研究的前提,在此基础上,才能为促进组织健康提供可靠有效的管理建     

同胞共情：特点、影响因素及理论机制

同胞之间的交流和互动更能促进彼此共情的发展。随着“全面二孩”政策的实行,同胞共情成为国内外研究者共同关注的焦点。本文在同胞的视角下总结了同胞共情的共性特点和特异性特点,从个体、同胞、家庭三个维度阐述了同胞共情的影响因素。未来研究需要进一步注重文化,回归本土研究;加强双向机制研究,夯实理论框架;重视干预性研究,探索提升同胞共情的方法。     

疼痛共情的影响因素及其认知机制

疼痛共情是指个体对他人疼痛的感知、判断和情绪反应。它受到疼痛者因素、观察者因素和二者之间关系的影响。疼痛共情的认知模型主要有知觉-动作模型、疼痛共情认知模型、早期评估模型与后期评估模型。未来研究的方向在于进一步深入探讨疼痛共情的认知机制, 探索情绪因素对疼痛共情的影响和扩展研究方法。     

组织中的建设性偏差:概念界定、形成机制及影响

组织中的建设性偏差是组织成员为了提升组织或组织利益相关者的福祉,有意采取的违背组织重要规范的行为。文章介绍了组织中建设性偏差的概念、与相关概念的关系及测量方法;从多个层面系统梳理了建设性偏差的影响因素和形成机制,并且分析了建设性偏差对组织和个体的影响结果。文章最后提出未来研究应构建建设性偏差的本土化结构与测量工具,探索多层次多视角的行为产生机制,重视对员工建设性偏差频率和强度的\"度\"的拿捏,以及关注中国背景下的建设性偏差研究。。     

组织内领导越轨行为研究：概念、诱因与结果

领导越轨行为是指领导者在工作场所中故意违反重要的组织规范的行为。通过整合分析组织内越轨行为和领导行为两个领域的相关研究发现, 领导越轨行为的诱因大致包括个体因素(个性特征、个体知觉和人口学变量)和情境因素(组织文化、工作特征和人际影响)两类, 并且主要通过社会比较、社会心理和社会交换三条路径进一步影响下属的工作绩效。未来研究应从行为客体(组织-人际)和行为动机(利己-利他)两个角度对领导越轨行为的内涵进行纵深拓展, 并进一步考察不同诱因的交互影响以及领导越轨行为的作用机制。     

音乐训练与音乐素养对共情能力的影响

共情能力是预测和促进亲社会行为的重要因素,音乐经验对共情能力的发展有着重要作用。本研究以特质共情和状态共情两个方面为切入点,采用音乐训练和音乐素养两个指标衡量个体音乐经验,利用问卷调查和行为实验,探究它们对共情能力的影响路径。结果表明,在特质共情方面,音乐家的认知共情能力显著高于非音乐家。然而,在控制了人格、主观社会经济地位和心理健康状态的相关变量后,音乐训练对共情能力并无显著影响。相反,音乐素养显著正向预测认知共情能力的想象维度,甚至可以作为音乐训练影响认知共情中想象维度的中介变量。在状态共情方面,利用疼痛共情范式研究发现,相比非音乐家,音乐家在目睹他人疼痛情境时更能感同身受,这种状态共情能力受到音乐素养和特质认知共情中想象维度的链式中介影响。综上所述,音乐训练通过提高音乐素养,间接增强特质共情中的认知共情能力(想象),从而使音乐家在感同身受他人疼痛状态时表现出更强的能力。这些发现揭示了音乐经验对共情能力的促进机制。     

Assessment of preschoolers’ positive empathy: concurrent and longitudinal relations with positive emotion,social competence,and sympathy

The purpose of this study was to examine a new measure of children's dispositional positive empathy (i.e., reactions to others’ positive emotions) and its concurrent and longitudinal relations with positive emotion, social competence, and empathy/sympathy with negative emotions. At Time 1, 192 3.5-year-olds (88 girls) participated; at Time 2, 1 year later, 168 4.5-year-olds (79 girls) participated. Children's positive empathy was reported by mothers and observed in the laboratory at Time 2. Additionally, mothers, fathers, and non-parental caregivers completed questionnaires at Time 1 and Time 2 regarding children's positive emotion, empathy/sympathy, and social competence. Children's positive emotion was observed at both assessments. There was evidence of reliability of the new reported measure of positive empathy. Additionally, there were numerous positive relations between positive empathy and social competence and between positive empathy and empathy/sympathy with negative emotions. This study provides unique insight into children's positive empathy and relations to socio-emotional functioning.     

Burnout,empathy and their relationships: a qualitative study with residents in General Medicine

Some studies have shown that burnout may have a negative impact on clinical empathy during internship. However, clinical empathy may also be a protective factor, preventing residents from experiencing burnout. Although several quantitative studies have been conducted to examine these relationships between burnout and empathy, no qualitative studies have been carried out. To examine how residents in general practice evaluate the link between burnout and empathy, 24 of them participated in a semi-structured interview. A thematic analysis was carried out to examine residents’ discourses and answers to closed questions. The results indicated that residents thought that empathy and burnout were clearly related in different ways. They identified five types of relationship: regulation strategy, empathy as protection, psychological balance/imbalance, fatigue and moderating factors.     

Compassion and Pity: An Evaluation of Nussbaum’s Analysis and Defense

In this paper I argue that Martha Nussbaums Aristotelian analysis of compassion and pity is faulty, largely because she fails to distinguish between (a) an emotions basic constitutive conditions and the associated constitutive or intrinsic norms, (b) extrinsic normative conditions, for instance, instrumental and moral considerations, and (c) the causal conditions under which emotion is most likely to be experienced. I also argue that her defense of compassion and pity as morally valuable emotions is inadequate because she treats a wide variety of objections as all stemming from a common commitment to a Stoic conception of the good. I argue that these objections can be construed as neutral between conceptions of the good. I conclude by arguing that construed in this way there are nonetheless plausible replies to these objections.     

Sympathy

In this article I examine an example of sympathy -- the actions of one woman who rescued Jews during their persecution in Nazi Europe. I argue that this woman's account of her actions here suggests that sympathy is a primitive response to the suffering of another. By primitive here I mean: first, that these responses are immediate and unthinking; and second, that these responses are explanatorily basic, that they cannot be explained in terms of some more fundamental feature of human nature -- such as some particular desire or sentiment that we possess. My conclusion is then that our sympathetic responses are themselves partially constitutive of our conception of what is to be a human being.     

Gratitude,revenge, and Mitleid: reading Nietzsche’s Daybreak 138

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses Daybreak 138 closely line by line in order to examine whether Nietzsche's conclusion that ‘there is something degrading in suffering and something elevating and productive of superiority in pitying (Mitleiden)’ truly holds. I shall argue that it does not. By way of objection to Nietzsche's conclusion, I am offering a counter example and also examine what, in the context of Daybreak 138, gratitude, revenge, and Mitleid have in common so that they can be used by Nietzsche to pursue together a common goal. I suggest that the feature gratitude, revenge and Mitleid have in common is their usefulness to establish or maintain equality.