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David Hitchcock 《Argumentation》1992,6(2):251-270
Relevance is a triadic relation between an item, an outcome or goal, and a situation. Causal relevance consists in an item's ability to help produce an outcome in a situation. Epistemic relevance, a distinct concept, consists in the ability of a piece of information (or a speech act communicating or requesting a piece of information) to help achieve an epistemic goal in a situation. It has this ability when it can be ineliminably combined with other at least potentially accurate information to achieve the goal. The relevance of a conversational contribution, premiss relevance and conclusion relevance are species of epistemic relevance thus defined. The conception of premiss relevance which results provides a basis for determining when the various arguments ad called fallacies of relevance are indeed irrelevant. In particular, an ad verecundiam appeal is irrelevant if the authority cited lacks expertise in a cognitive domain to which the conclusion belongs, the authority does not exercise its expertise in coming to endorse the conclusion, or the conclusion does not belong to a cognitive domain; otherwise the ad verecundiam is relevant. 相似文献
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Angie M. Johnston Mark Sheskin Frank C. Keil 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(4):555-572
ABSTRACTIn four experiments, we investigate how the ability to detect irrelevant explanations develops. In Experiments 1 and 2, 4- to 8-year-olds and adults rated different types of explanations about “what makes cars go” individually, in the absence of a direct contrast. Each explanation was true and relevant (e.g., “Cars have engines that turn gasoline into power”), true and irrelevant (e.g., “Cars have radios that play music”), or a false statement that would be relevant if it were true (e.g., “Cars have rockets that speed them up”). Participants of all ages spontaneously indicated that false explanations were less helpful than relevant explanations. However, there was a developmental shift for irrelevant explanations: 4-year-olds only detected irrelevant explanations that did not involve internal features of cars (e.g., “Cars have parking lots that they park in”). Crucially, this shift between age 4 and 5 cannot be explained by 4-year-olds’ lack of knowledge since 4-year-olds correctly indicated that relevant explanations were more helpful than irrelevant feature explanations when given a direct contrast in Experiment 3. These results are further clarified in Experiment 4, in which we provided a different explanatory goal (“where to find cars”) and found that even young children have a nuanced understanding of explanatory relevance that is sensitive to differing explanatory goals. Together, these four experiments suggest an early-emerging ability to understand relevance, but a shift between age 4 and 5 in the ability to spontaneously use this understanding when evaluating individual explanations in isolation. 相似文献
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Truthfulness and Relevance 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
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Luciano Floridi 《Erkenntnis》2008,69(1):69-92
Agents require a constant flow, and a high level of processing, of relevant semantic information, in order to interact successfully among themselves and with the environment in which they are embedded.
Standard theories of information, however, are silent on the nature of epistemic relevance. In this paper, a subjectivist
interpretation of epistemic relevance is developed and defended. It is based on a counterfactual and metatheoretical analysis
of the degree of relevance of some semantic information i to an informee/agent a, as a function of the accuracy of i understood as an answer to a query q, given the probability that q might be asked by a. This interpretation of epistemic relevance vindicates a strongly semantic theory of information, according to which semantic
information encapsulates truth. It accounts satisfactorily for several important applications and interpretations of the concept
of relevant information in a variety of philosophical areas. And it interfaces successfully with current philosophical interpretations
of causal and logical relevance. 相似文献
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Liza Verhoeven 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(3):339-366
In this paper Grice’s requirements for assertability are imposed on the disjunction of Classical Logic. Defining material
implication in terms of negation and disjunction supplemented by assertability conditions, results in the disappearance of
the most important paradoxes of material implication. The resulting consequence relation displays a very strong resemblance
to Schurz’s conclusion-relevant consequence relation. 相似文献
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Journal of Philosophical Logic - Formal symptoms of relevance usually concern the propositional variables shared between the antecedent and the consequent of provable conditionals. Among the most... 相似文献
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Florence Lieberman 《Psychoanalytic Social Work》2013,20(2):77-81
No abstract available for this article. 相似文献
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Brian Jonathan Garrett 《Ratio》1999,12(1):14-33
Davidson argues that mental properties are causally relevant properties. I argue that Davidson cannot appeal to ceteris paribus causal laws to ensure that these properties are causally relevant, if he wishes to retain his argument for anomalous monism. Second, I argue that the appeal to supervenience cannot, by itself, give us an account of the causal relevancy of mental properties. I argue that, while mental properties may indeed 'make a difference' to the causally efficacious properties of events, this is not sufficient to show that mental properties are causally relevant. 相似文献
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Based on the premise that what is relevant, consistent, or true may change from context to context, a formal framework of
relevance and context is proposed in which
相似文献
• | contexts are mathematical entities |
• | each context has its own language with relevant implication |
• | the languages of distinct contexts are connected by embeddings |
• | inter-context deduction is supported by bridge rules |
• | databases are sets of formulae tagged with deductive histories and the contexts they belong to |
• | abduction and revision are supported by a notion of consistency of formulae and sets of formulae which are relative to a context, and which can, in turn, be seen as constituents of agendas. |
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《新多明我会修道士》1983,64(762):522-531
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Marco Bacciagaluppi 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2014,74(2):123-132
The author stresses Fromm’s role as a precursor in psychoanalysis and shows his connections with three scientific developments following on his death in 1980: the trauma literature, attachment theory and the evolution of altruism. 相似文献
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Consequentialists do not deny that cost to the agent is a morallyrelevant consideration. For, they do include cost to the agent inthe calculation of the overall good. What they deny, however, isthat cost to the agent is a morally relevant factor independentlyof its impact on the overall good. I argue in this paper that, ifone rejects the claim that cost to the agent is a morallyrelevant factor on its own right, one is then committed toaccepting some `hyper' counter-intuitive moral claims. I callthese claims hyper counter-intuitive because they are at a moreextreme level of counter-intuitiveness than the ones usuallyassociated with consequentialism. 相似文献
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We give an account of some relationships between the principles of Constant and Atom Exchangeability and various generalizations
of the Principle of Instantial Relevance within the framework of Inductive Logic. In particular we demonstrate some surprising
and somewhat counterintuitive dependencies of these relationships on ostensibly unimportant parameters, such as the number
of predicates in the overlying language.
Supported by a UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Research Studentship. 相似文献
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Summary The two Heisenberg Uncertainties (UR) entail an incompatibility between the two pairs of conjugated variables E, t and p, q. But incompatibility comes in two kinds, exclusive of one another. There is incompatibility defineable as: (p → − q) & (q→ − p) or defineable as [(p →− q) & (q →− p)] ↔ r. The former kind is unconditional, the latter conditional. The former, in accordance, is fact independent, and thus a matter of logic, the latter fact dependent, and thus a matter of fact. The two types are therefore diametrically opposed.In spite of this, however, the existing derivations of the Uncertainties are shown here to entail both types of incompatibility simultaneously. Δ E Δ t ≥ h is known to derive from the quantum relation E = hν plus the Fourier relation Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1. And the Fourier relation assigns a logical incompatibility between Δ ν = 0, Δ t = 0. (Defining a repetitive phenomenon at an instant t → 0 is a self contradictory notion.) An incompatibility, therefore, which is fact independent and unconditional. How can one reconcile this with the fact that Δ EΔ t exists if and only if h > 0, which latter supposition is a factual truth, entailing that a Δ E = 0, Δ t = 0 incompatibility should itself be fact dependent? Are we to say that E and t are unconditionally incompatible (via Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1) on condition that E = hν is at all true? Hence, as presently standing, the UR express a self-contradicting type of incompatibility.To circumvent this undesirable result, I reinterpret E = hν as relating the energy with a period. Though only one such period. And not with frequency literally. (It is false that E = ν . It is true that E = ν times the quantum.) In this way, the literal concept of frequency does not enter as before, rendering Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1 inapplicable. So the above noted contradiction disappears. Nevertheless, the Uncertainties are derived. If energy is only to be defined over a period, momentum only over a distance (formerly a wavelength) resulting during such period, thus yielding quantized action of dimensions Et = pq, then energies will become indefinite at instants, momenta indefinite at points, leading, as demanded, to (symmetric!) Δ E Δ t = Δ p Δ q ≥ h’s. 相似文献