儿童“期望值”判断的研究

以 7岁、9岁、12岁小学生和成人大学生为被试 ,让他们在 5种实验任务中进行期望值判断 ,以探讨儿童期望值判断的发展。结果表明 :(1) 7岁儿童就能够在简单任务中进行概率推理和正确判断事件的期望值 ;(2 )儿童对概率和价值两个维度相乘关系的认知呈现发展趋势 ,但其乘法规则的运用仍逊于成人水平。而成人期望值判断的成绩有较大的个体差异。 (3)在期望值相同的情况下 ,儿童更注重事件发生的概率而相对忽视价值     

NOTE ON THE VALIDITY OF THE POWER LAW

On the basis of previous experimental findings, it is argued that the power law is not based on a true (subjective) ratio scale, but on a quasi-ratio scale. Hence, and in spite of the results of the cross-modality matching, the validity of the power law, as well as the validity of models and equations in which a subjective scale is involved, is doubted. It is further indicated that the validity of Brown's law can, under special conditions, be tested by the relation between subjective variables of velocity, length and time. Finally, the relation between the power law and Luce's theorem is discussed briefly.     

NOTE ON THE RETENTION OF CONNECTED DISCOURSE

Two sentences were constructed having roughly the same content but different predictability ( P -) scores. One or other of the sentences was presented auditorily once only to different groups of subjects who were instructed to listen carefully, without however, being informed of the learning character of the experiment. The groups were then tested for retention after one of the following intervals: IM, 3 min., 2 hours, 20 hours. The sentences were found to differ in memorability (amount recalled) in IM but not in LTM. The reproductions were also analysed with regard to synonym and non-synonym substitutions and the implications for the chunking hypothesis discussed.     

NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON PERCEIVED DURATION

Ten subjects made magnitude productions of duration in two velocity conditions when going by car. Productions for the higher of the two velocities were found to be reliably longer than those for the lower due to a negative relation between velocity and the slope of the R-S function relating perceived to physical duration. It was suggested that the effect of velocity on the slope of the R-S function might account for the discrepant results from previous studies investigating the effects of velocity on perceived duration.     

A NOTE ON INTEROCULAR TRANSFER AND THE COLOUR OF VISUAL AFTER-IMAGES

Following monocular fixation of a red stimulus figure on a grey background, a projection field having the same colour as the stimulus figure was viewed either with ( a ) the stimulated eye, or ( b ) the non-stimulated eye. In case ( a ) the after-image appeared grey on a red background, but in case ( b ) green or blue, on a red background. In the latter case the brightness and to some extent the hue of the after-image varied when the amount of light coming to the originally stimulated eye varied. The data are in agreement with the assumption that after-images are primarily retinal.     

NOTE ON THE PREDICTION OF FACTORIALLY COMPLEX CLASSES

Indices of the discriminatory power of items, based on the differences in performances of groups, can be influenced by the degree of factorial mixture with respect to such groups. An illustrative example is presented, using hypothetical data. Items, normally rejected on the basis of such discriminatory tests, may be of value for predictive purposes. An empirical example of such a use is offered.     

NOTE ON THE DOUBLE CENTERING OF DICHOTOMIZED MATRICES

A method is described for the double centering of dichotomized score matrices. It is based on a modification of the r _s coefficient of Guilford in which a second set of values, based on the reversed scoring of the original set, is used. A comparison of indices from matrices centered in such a manner, with some coefficients customarily obtained from score matrices, is presented.     

NOTE ON THE SYSTEMATIC ERROR OF ESTIMATION AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS MAGNITUDE

On the basis of a discussion of Weber's law the prediction was made that the systematic errors of estimation are linear functions of stimulus magnitude. As a special case it is suggested that the size of a geometrical illusion generally is a linear function of the size of the illusion figure. The result of an experiment with Oppel's illusion is in agreement with this prediction.—During successive estimations practice did not decrease the amount of illusion.     

NOTE ON THE SUBJECTIVE SPEED OF MANUAL WORK

A preliminary experiment is described, in which the speed of three manual activities was estimated by the method of magnitude estimation. Within the rather narrow stimulus range of 1/1.35 the subjective range was 1/1.86 for card dealing, 1/1.64 for shoveling gravel, and 1/1.41 for packing. Tentative interpretations of these differences are discussed.     

A NOTE ON KRIPKE's FOOTNOTE 56 ARGUMENT FOR THE ESSENTIALITY OF ORIGIN

In footnote 56 of his Naming and Necessity, Kripke offers a ‘proof’ of the essentiality of origin. On its most literal reading the argument is clearly flawed, as was made clear by Nathan Salmon. Salmon attempts to save the literal reading of the argument, but I argue that the new argument is flawed as well, and that it can’t be what Kripke intended. I offer an alternative reconstruction of Kripke's argument, but I show that this suffers from a more subtle fault.     

我国大学生的职业价值观研究

考察从８０年代初期到９０年代中期我国青年学生择业标准的变迁及其原因。同时,探讨了不同职业兴趣类的人在职业价值观上的异同。从而揭示了环境的变化及职业兴趣类型对职业价值观的影响作用。