THE EQUIVALENCE COEFFICIENT AND THE KUDER-RICHARDSON COEFFICIENT 20

H enrysson , S. The equivalence coefficient and the Kuder-Richardson coefficient 20. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1962, 3 , 40–46.—The relation between the equivalence coefficient and the Kuder-Richardson coefficient 20 is discussed. Formulas, tables and graphs of the difference between the two coefficients are given. In most cases the difference between the two coefficients will be rather small.     

FOUR METHODS OF ANALYZING BETWEEN VARIATION FOR THE K-GROUP MANOVA PROBLEM

Four methods of analyzing between variation in the k-group MANOVA problem are considered. Specifically, they are (1) discriminant analysis, (2) stepdown analysis, (3) contrasts on the classification variable and (4) a two group breakdown. These methods are discussed briefly, with certain basic com- puting equations being given. Then a sample problem is used to illustrate how the methods may be applied and interpreted. The univariate h2 (squared correlation ratio) is related t o a corresponding multivariate measure. Also, a variant of h2 is introduced to indicate the proportion of variance in each of the dependent variables which is accounted for by the classification variable.     

A NOTE ON THE EXPECTED VALUE OF A COEFFICIENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY

In a recent study of the sensitivity of Coefficients of Reproducibility, Cotton (1969) found a lower bound for the expected value of the Green-Sagi (1953, 1959) Coefficient of Reproducibility under the assumption of response independence. It is the purpose of this note to show that the lower bound found by Cotton holds more generally. An appendix gives a nomograph for testing the significance of this coefficient of reproducibility.     

Estimating an Effect Size in One-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

When two or more univariate population means are compared, the proportion of variation in the dependent variable accounted for by population group membership is eta-squared. This effect size can be generalized by using multivariate measures of association, based on the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) statistics, to establish whether population mean vectors are practically significant different. In the case of random samples from populations, approximate and asymptotically unbiased estimators of these effect sizes as well as confidence intervals are suggested under the assumptions of equal covariance matrices and normality. Statistical properties of these estimators are studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The accuracy and spread of the proposed effect sizes are also compared with those of other multivariate measures of association in Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed effect sizes are also illustrated by applying them in an empirical example using college admission test data obtained from StatSoft (2007) StatSoft, Inc. 2007. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), Version 8.0 www.statsoft.com [Google Scholar].     

园中蝶：《石头记》中的理想国和女性

《桃花源记》系公元5世纪中国诗人陶潜（365～427）之作,是中国文学中描绘理想完美境界的最著名的作品。中国人的想象对它如此神驰心往,以至于桃花源的名字几乎已成为理想国本身的代名词。这篇作品由两部分组成：一篇用散文形式写的序和一首诗。二者均讲述了桃花源被发现和消失的故事。不过,或许是由于那篇散文具有更加实实在在的感染力吧,当中国人想到理想国时,更会马上想起它。     

THE EMOTIONS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

In this paper I argue that Kierkegaard's theory of change is motivated by a robust notion of contingency. His view of contingency is sharply juxtaposed with a strong notion of absolute necessity. I show that how he understands these notions explains certain ambiguous claims he makes about causation. I attempt to provide a coherent interpretation of his view of causality that is consistent with both human choice and the causal sequence of change. I end by suggesting a compatibilist interpretation of Kierkegaard's philosophy.     

THE INTERACTION OF BIASES IN THE EVALUATION OF MANAGERS IN SINGAPORE

In this study, independent samples from the same population responded to three simulated situations in which sex and other independent variables were manipulated. In the first two cases, discriminatory decisions against women managers by male respondents were clearly discerned. However, in the third case where sex as an independent variable interacted with developmental potential, the pattern of evaluative decisions changed. A high-potential female was treated as favourably as a high-potential male while the low-potential male received the lowest selection rate from the male respondents. While the finding is not altogether surprising in a meritocratic society like Singapore, the study points to the need to explore the interactive effects which sex bias may have with other attitudes in a specific social context.     

TRAINING IN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

Psychologists abroad often ask about the system of training psychologists in the United Stales, as If the United States had a formal system laid down by the government or by a centralized educational authority, as is the ease in many other countries. This article was originally drafted to provide information to psychologists abroad about the diversity and variety of training in the U.S., but it is published here in the hope that it will also be informative and interesting to American psychologists as well as to our colleagues in other countries.