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ERNESTO VERDEJA 《Metaphilosophy》2010,41(4):563-581
Abstract: This article examines the uses of official apologies for massive human rights abuses in the context of democratic transitions. It sketches a normative model of apologies, highlighting how they serve to provide some moral and practical redress for past wrongs. It discusses a number of contributions apologies can make, including publicly confirming the status of victims as moral agents, fostering public reexamination and deliberation about social norms, and promoting critical understandings of history that undermine apologist historical accounts. The article then presents certain normative criteria that any official apology must satisfy, and concludes with a discussion of several theoretical and practical challenges that apologies face in transitional contexts. It draws on Chilean President Patricio Aylwin's apology for his predecessor's crimes as an illustration of some of the promises and challenges that apologies face. 相似文献
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内隐和外显记忆的遗忘特点 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
根据实验性分离范式 ,选定加工分离程序为工具 ,通过对再认的两个加工过程进行的延时比较 ,考察了内隐和外显记忆的遗忘特点。结果显示 :在延时分别为 0、6分钟、15分钟、1小时和 7天的遗忘进程中 ,再认的自动提取和意识性提取成绩表现了不同的特征 ,尤其是在前 15分钟的遗忘进程中 ,自动提取成绩的衰减不明显而意识性提取成绩的衰减非常显著 ,表明内隐记忆和外显记忆具有不同的遗忘特点。另外研究还通过对加工水平因素的考察 ,发现了加工水平因素对意识性提取和自动提取成绩的作用不同。 相似文献
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JEFFREY BLUSTEIN 《Metaphilosophy》2010,41(4):582-617
Abstract: Forgiveness of wrongdoing in response to public apology and amends making seems, on the face of it, to leave little room for the continued commemoration of wrongdoing. This rests on a misunderstanding of forgiveness, however, and we can explain why there need be no incompatibility between them. To do this, I emphasize the role of what I call nonangry negative moral emotions in constituting memories of wrongdoing. Memories so constituted can persist after forgiveness and have important moral functions, and commemorations can elicit these emotions to preserve memories of this sort. Moreover, commemorations can be a restorative justice practice that promotes reconciliation, but only on condition that the memories they preserve are constituted by nonangry negative, not retributive, emotions. 相似文献
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内隐和外显记忆的发展研究 总被引:19,自引:5,他引:14
采用Buchner等人(1995)提出的加工分离范式的修正模型,对内隐和外显记忆进行分离。结果表明:内隐记忆水平随年龄的变化不大.而外显记忆水平在12岁左右达到高峰;内隐记忆与外显记忆均不具有性别差异。 相似文献
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Alan Revering 《The Journal of religious ethics》2005,33(1):91-117
This essay examines the relevance of eschatological themes to the political theory of Michael Walzer. A distinctive eschatological hope is identified, which functions as a guide to thought throughout Walzer's writings, even though he seldom expresses it (and sometimes denies it). This analysis of Walzer's work demonstrates that eschatology is relevant to the contemporary discussion of justice, and conversely, that contemporary political theory can be a guide for the construction and evaluation of theological doctrines of eschatology. Any eschatology that enters into political debate in a modern, pluralistic society like the United States, however, must have at least one important characteristic: it must be informed by a profound sense of limitation. 相似文献
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Michelle A. Marvin 《Zygon》2020,55(3):713-732
I explore the impact of memory altering technologies in the science fiction drama (2016–2020) in order to show that unreconciled altered traumatic memory may lead to a dystopian breakdown of society. I bring Miroslav Volf's theological perspectives on memory into conversation with the plot of Westworld in order to reveal connections between memory altering technologies and humanity's responsibility to remember rightly. Using Volf's theology of remembering as an interpretive lens, I analyze characters’ inability to remember rightly while recalling partial memories of their trauma. In virtue of this examination, I contend that memory altering technologies may inhibit individuals from relational processes of healing, such as forgiveness. Consequently, I argue that this study leads to a richer understanding of the potential that memory altering technologies have for undermining humanity's ability to interact in a relational capacity, specifically in terms of forgiveness. 相似文献
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Robert B. Glassman 《Zygon》2005,40(1):107-130
Abstract. A partial analogy exists between the lifespan neuropsychological development of individuals and the biological evolution of species: In both of these major categories of growth, progressive emergence of wholes transcends inherently limited part‐processes. The remarkably small purview of each moment of consciousness experienced by an individual may be a crucial aspect of maintaining organization in that individual's cognitive development, protecting it from combinatorial chaos. In this essay I summarize experimental psychology research showing that working memory capacity comprises the so‐called magical number 7±2 items, not only for words and digits but for spatial items and other sorts of cognitive materials, and not only in humans but also in other species. This is so to such an extent that 7±2 may be a “constant of nature.” The small quantity range 7±2 independent items, which builds upon a more elementary, instantaneous working memory capacity of three or four items, is surprisingly independent of the time duration of a cognitive task. Moreover, it is largely independent of ontogeny. Explanations of these powerful facts about working memory are offered here within both a functionalistic framework and a framework of hypothetical neural processes. At the neural level, working memory dynamics may comprise certain brain wave harmonics or topological relationships in the sheetlike cortex. Within the functionalistic framework, I suggest an additional analogy, pertaining to cultural evolution, with Tom Gilbert's work on risk analysis and “the global problematic” that follows from unforeseen consequences of the expansiveness of human ambition. Several connections are drawn with ideas presented by participants in the Chicago Religion and Science Group about how theologies and sciences try to understand the possibility of adaptive exercises of human freedom in the face of the extreme finiteness of each human individual. 相似文献
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意志与意识对记忆的交互影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用加工分离程序,研究了编码和提取时不同意志和意识水平对部首补笔的影响。结果发现:除编码阶段和提取阶段的意志之间不存在交互作用之外,同一阶段和(或)不同阶段的意志和(或)意识之间均存在显著的或非常显著的交互作用。研究表明:意志和意识两个因素对记忆存在复杂影响,在记忆研究中应关注意志因素的作用。研究结果验证了记忆的状态依存性。 相似文献
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Michelle S. Bourgeois 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1993,26(1):77-87
The effects of a prosthetic memory aid on the conversational content and social skills of dyads with dementia were evaluated. Six individuals with moderate to severe dementia served as either subject or partner in dyads during 5-min conversational probes conducted three times per week in daycare and nursing-home settings. During phases when a memory aid, consisting of personally relevant picture and sentence stimuli, was available, most subjects used their own aid to improve the quality of conversations by increasing the frequency of on-topic statements, diminishing nonproductive utterances, lengthening their conversational turn, and/or increasing the frequency of turns taken. Most partners demonstrated awareness of social discourse conventions by appropriately relinquishing conversational dominance, decreasing both content and nonproductive utterances, and increasing acknowledging or affirmative comments when subjects used memory aids. Naive judges' ratings of aided and unaided conversational samples on seven conversational dimensions reflected differences in perceptions of significant improvement as a function of the conversational discourse style of each dyad. 相似文献
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内外控个体差异与外显、内隐记忆关系的实验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以具体图形和抽象图形为材料,采用加工分离程序,考察了内外控个体差异与外显、内隐记忆的关系。结果表明:对于具体图形和抽象图形,内控被试的意识性提取成绩均优于外控被试;对于抽象图形,外控被试的自动提取成绩优于内控被试。说明不仅外显记忆对于内外控个体差异是敏感的,内隐记忆对于内外控个体差异同样是敏感的。实验结果还显示,记忆水平与材料特征密切相关。 相似文献
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神经颗粒素(Neurogranin,NG)是一种新发现的脑特异性蛋白质。它分布在多个脑区,特别在对学习记忆至关重要的脑区海马。该物质自发现以来,许多学者对其生物学作用,特别是与学习记忆的关系进行了大量的研究,并取得了相当的进展。研究表明NG参与了在学习记忆功能中起核心作用的脑内几种蛋白信号传导途径、长时程增强(Long-term potentiation, LTP)和长时程抑制(Long-term depression, LTD)等突触可塑性机制。NG基因敲除后,动物出现学习记忆能力缺陷。因而它可能涉及学习记忆的形成和巩固 相似文献
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关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
两项实验对关联性记忆错觉的产生与保持进行了考察。实验结果表明,关联性记忆错觉接近学过词的回忆水平,但它的产生不随年龄的变化而变化;时间变量对关联性记忆错觉的影响不显著。此外,关联性记忆错觉不同于学过的词,在延迟加快时没有系列位置效应的产生。 相似文献
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In China, practice-oriented views of science can be traced back to antiquity. In ancient times, the Chinese people independently created and developed application-oriented sciences, but they ignored basic science. In modern times, China learned and introduced Western science and technology as a practical instrument to protect the nation and make it prosperous and powerful. Through technology and production, science has been playing an immediate and major role in the development of socialism since 1949. Since 1978, the Chinese government has always emphasized that science and technology are the primary productive forces. From ancient times to the present, the practice-oriented views of science are grounded in politics. Science has been the handmaiden of politics since the Qin Dynasty. However, this state of affairs hinders the development of basic science, a science that is not oriented toward immediate application. It also hinders open-minded, critical reflection on the downsides or limits of science, which could draw on broader (moral, spiritual, or religious) values. 相似文献