ADAM SMITH ON THE EMERGENCE OF MORALS: A REPLY TO EUGENE HEATH

In this paper I argue that there is an affinity between Reid and Husserl, or at least between Reid and what I shall call the ‘Austrian’ Husserl as opposed to the ‘German’ Husserl. The first is a realist, the scourge of psychologism, a sober and painstaking analyst of the various kinds of intentional experience, for whom such analysis is just an extension of ontology. The second is a radical idealist, closer to Fichte than to Kant. In describing the structures of ‘transcendental’ consciousness he takes himself to be describing the ‘origin’ of the world and everything in it, including himself as a psychophysical entity. He sees the history of philosophy as being determined by an inner telos, such that it culminates in his own transcendental phenomenology, of which he is the mere instrument.     

ON THE PROBLEMS OF PERCEIVED DIFFICULTY

BORG, G., BRATFISCH, O. & DORNI'C, S. On the problems of perceived difficulty. Scand. J. Psychol. , 1971, 12, 249–260.–The development and meaning of the concept of "perceived difficulty" is presented. A concise survey of experiments carried out so far is given with regard to the main theoretical, methodological and applied problems at which the investigations aimed. A substantial part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of the concept of perceived difficulty and to the possibilities of measurement. The concept of perceived difficulty is dealt with also in a differential connection and a model for interindividual comparisons is suggested. It is emphasized that a systematic investigation of perceived difficulty is both possible and useful, and that it yields an opportunity to improve and facilitate the construction of psychological tests. Finally, possible future research projects are briefly outlined.     

THE IMPACT OF DEPRESSION ON MATERNAL RESPONSES TO INFANT FACES IN PREGNANCY

Research has suggested that prenatal depression may be associated with disrupted maternal responses to infant stimuli, with depressed pregnant women not showing the bias toward distressed infants as that observed in nondepressed pregnant women. The current study examined the effects of depression on self‐ reported responses to infant stimuli, in early pregnancy. Women with clinical depression (n = 38), and nondepressed women (n = 67) were recruited from a wider cognitive behavioral therapy trial. They completed Maternal Response Scales in which they were presented with images of distressed, neutral, and happy infant faces, with no time limit. The women rated their responses to these images along three dimensions—wanting to comfort, wanting to turn away, and feelings of anxiety—using Likert scales via a computerized task. There was evidence that women with depression in pregnancy showed different responses than did women without depression. Women with depression were substantially more likely to be in the highest quartile for ratings of wanting to turn away, odds (OR) ratio = 4.15, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.63–10.5, p = .003, and also were substantially less likely to be in the highest quartile for wanting to comfort a distressed infant face, OR = 0.22, 95% CIs = 0.09–0.54, p < .001. Findings are consistent with there being both a heightened avoidant and a reduced comforting response toward distressed infants in depressed pregnant women, providing some support that depression disrupts maternal preparations at a conscious level.     

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CONTENT WORDS LEADING TO LIFESPAN DIFFERENCES IN PHONOLOGICAL DIFFICULTY IN STUTTERING

This study investigated whether frequency of stuttering was affected by factors that specify the phonological difficulty of a sound and whether and how any influences vary across age groups. Analyses were performed separately on content words and function words. The phonological factors examined were: a) Whether the word contained a late emerging consonant (LEC); and b) Whether the word contained a consonant string (CS). Analyses showed that these factors occurred at different rates across the age groups used (children under 12, teenagers between 12 and 18, and adults). A more detailed breakdown was also reported of frequency of usage of LEC and CS over age groups depending on whether and where these factors occurred in the content words; all nine combinations of no LEC, word-initial LEC, non-initial LEC with no CS, word-initial CS, and non-initial CS were examined. Usage of certain of these nine categories varied over age groups. Friedman statistic on the ratio of stuttering (proportion of stuttered words in a particular word class divided by the proportion of words in that particular word class) showed that the frequency of stuttering remained high for adult speakers when CS and LEC both occurred in a word and when they appeared in word-initial position. These findings support a recently proposed theory that accounts for life-span changes in stuttering.     

THE REGRESS-PROBLEM: A REPLY TO VERMAZEN

This paper is intended to meet some objections that Vermazen has raised about the treatment of the regress-problem in the author's book on the philosophy of action. This problem is shown to involve a skeptical claim about the very existence of actions as distinct from happenings. It is argued, against Vermazen's contention, that only one version of the problem is at work in that book and that, while Danto's basic actions, McCann's volitions and O'Shaughnessy's and Hornsby's tryings do not solve, after analysis, that version of the problem, the author's proposal does in fact provide a solution to it.     

THE LOGIC OF IDEAS AND THE LOGIC OF THINGS: A REPLY TO CHAPPELL

Abstract: A continuation of the debate over the intelligibility, and plausibility, of Yolton's reading of Locke's account of perception. Here, the issue turns on the de‐reification of ideas and its implications for the putative axioms of symmetry and transitivity governing the identity of ideas. The issue is illustrated by what Locke says about confused ideas.     

A REPLY TO PHILIP LEVY-IN DEFENSE OF THE G INDEX

Levy's criticism that the use of the G index does not equate person means and variances in Q analysis is answered by pointing out that the matrices used in the illustrations supporting his argument are not based upon items which have been 'double-scored', a necessary requirement for the correct use of G in Q technique. His comments, therefore, are regarded as irrelevant.     

配对词组的难度对策略使用效果的影响

探讨人工合成配对词组的难度对精加工策略使用效果的影响。材料为２６对根据其联想程度高低分为两组的配对名词组。各分为４组的一、三、五年级学生采用不同策略学习上述材料。研究结果表明：策略确实提高了被试的总体学习成绩;被试学习难度低的材料与难度高的材料相比,策略的促进效果更明显。该结果说明,材料难度极大地影响对策略的使用效果。