The functions of internal dialogs and their connection with personality

In previous studies, seven key functions in internal dialogs were identified: Support, Substitution, Exploration, Bond, Self‐improvement, Insight, and Self‐guiding. It was also established that internal dialogs vary in the intensity of these functions. The presented research aimed to test if there are configurations of personality variables that allow us to predict specific patterns of functions performed by internal dialogs. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that the higher the intensity of neuroticism and anxious attachment and the lower the intensity of openness and the tendency to spontaneously adopt the viewpoints of others, the more strongly a person's internal dialogs perform the Substitution function and the weaker the Insight and Support functions are. The reverse configuration of personality characteristics intensifies Insight and Support and minimized Substitution. The results are presented in the context of the status of dialogicality and discussed in the light of other studies on internal dialogs.     

Book reviews

Early Behavior: Comparative and Developmental Approaches. Edited by H. W. Stevenson, E. H. Hess, and H. L. Rheingold. London and New York: Wiley. 1967. Pp. xii + 303 75s.

Current Research in Motivation. Edited by Ralph Norman Haber. London and New York: HOlt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. xii + 800. £5

Language and Thought. Edited by Donald C. Hildum. London: Van Nostrand, Insight Book No. 37. 1967. Pp. vi + 2 00. $1.95. 16s.

Hormones and Behavior. Edited by Richard E. Whelan. London: Van Nostrand. Insight Book No. 39. I967. Pp. vi + 266. $2.95. 24s.     

Insight, rumination, and self-reflection as predictors of well-being

Dispositional private self-focused attention variables such as insight, internal self-awareness (ISA), and self-reflectiveness (SR) have been found to relate to well-being. The present study sought to determine which dispositional private self-focused attention variables have the most predictive power for subjective well-being as measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale (E. Diener, R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen, & S. Griffin, 1985) and for a eudaemonic form of well-being as measured by the Psychological Well-Being Scale (C. D. Ryff, 1989). A total of 121 college student participants completed an online version of the Self-Consciousness Scale-Revised, the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Psychological WellBeing Scale. Results of a multivariate regression analysis using the Self-Consciousness Scale-Revised's (M. F. Scheier & C. S. Carver, 1985) subfactors of SR and ISA, the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire's (P. D. Trapnell & J. D. Campbell, 1999) subscales of Rumination and Reflection, and the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale's (A. M. Grant, J. Franklin, & P. Langford, 2002) Self-Reflection and Insight subscales revealed that the Insight subscale was the only statistically significant predictor (a positive predictor) for all 6 dimensions of psychological well-being. Insight was also the only significant positive predictor for satisfaction with life. The Rumination subscale was a significant negative predictor for 3 dimensions of psychological well-being, and the Reflection subscale was a significant positive predictor for 1 dimension. Implications of dispositional self-awareness variables and their relation to dimensions of well-being are discussed.     

The relationship between clients' conformity to masculine norms and their perceptions of helpful therapist actions

T. J. G. Tracey et al.'s (2003) common factors model derived from therapists and psychotherapy researchers has provided a parsimonious structure to inform research and practice. Accordingly, the current authors used the 14 common factor categories identified in Tracey et al.'s model as a guide to code clients' perceptions of helpful therapist actions (e.g., intervention, way of being) in short-term psychotherapy. Next, they conducted a cluster analysis to establish meaningful subgroups of clients based on clients' perceptions of helpful therapist actions. Finally, they explored if clients in these subgroups differed in their report of conformity to masculine norms. Clients (N = 161) from a university counseling center were recruited for the current study. Results revealed 3 clusters of clients based on their perceptions of helpful therapist actions: Insight (44%), Relationship (30%), and Information (26%). In contrast, Tracey et al. found 3 clusters: Bond (which includes Insight and Relationship), Information, and Structure of therapy (not found in the current study). Clients in the Insight and Relationship clusters reported more conformity to masculine norms as compared with clients in the Information cluster. There were no sex differences across clusters.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Questions on Wittgenstein, Rudolf Hallcr, London: Routlcdgc Freud, Insight and Change, Ilham Dilman, Basil Blackwcll Raymond Tallis, In Defence of Realism, Edward Arnold HARE AND CRITICS: Essays on MORAL THINKING, edited by Douglas Seanor and N. Fotion, with comments by R. M. Hare. Oxford: Clarendon Press The Jurisprudence of Orthodoxy: Queen's University Essays on H. L. A. Hart, Edited by Philip Leith and Peter Ingram, Routledge Real People: Personal Identity without Thought Experiments, Katheleen V. Wilkes, Oxford: Clarendon Press     

Systemic insight in family therapy

Systemic epistemology calls for a concept of Systemic Insight, a restructuring insight that has to do with truly grasping systemic reality. Systemic Insight is action and change-oriented, grounded in the direct systemic experience of the client, and based on the how instead of the why of the relationship problem. Its results affect the whole system. The author elucidates the definition and therapeutic application of this concept, expanding on five major ingredients and illustrating in a verbatim case and commentary specific guidelines for designing interventions which procure Systemic Insight.The concept of Systemic Insight was first presented by the author as a workshop at the European Family Therapy Association International Congress: Feelings and Systems, Sorrento, Italy, November, 1992. I would like to thank Ms. Sara Iwanir, Dr. Haviva Ayal, my co-directors, and especially my husband Ron for his unending support and the helpful out of the profession fresh views.     

猜谜作业中顿悟的ERP效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)探索问题解决过程中顿悟的神经机制。以猜谜作业为实验程序,对“有顿悟”和“无顿悟”答案引发的脑电分别进行叠加和平均,并将二者相减（有顿悟-无顿悟）得到差异波。在250~500 ms “有顿悟”比“无顿悟”的ERP波形有一个更加负性的偏移,在差异波中,这个负成分的潜伏期约为380 ms（N380）。地形图和电流密度图显示,N380在额中央区活动最强。偶极子源定位分析结果显示,N380可能起源于扣带前回。因此,N380可能反映顿悟问题解决过程中思维定势的突破。     

The group assessment of interpersonal traits (GAIT): Differentiation of measures and their relationship to behavioral response modes

GAIT performances of undergraduates were rated by peers and professsional clinical psychologists from video tape. Two additional measures; Potential for Clinical Effectiveness, and Insight into the Client's Problem, were included with GAIT measures of Openness, Empathy, Acceptance, and Outgoing and were also rated. GAIT ratings of Empathy, Acceptance, Potential for Clinical Effectiveness were not well differentiated. The behavioral response modes of each participant in the Understander's role were analyzed and correlated with GAIT measures, Potential and Insight. Empathy was correlated with reflecting feelings and advice-giving questions and negatively correlated with dysfunctional questions and silence. Acceptance was correlated with nonverbal attending behavior and negatively correlated with dysfunctional questions. Outgoing was positively correlated with information-gathering questions and total questions. Insight was correlated with reflecting feelings and negatively correlated with silence. An Understander who was rated high on Potential for Clinical Effectiveness was active, made statements about or asked questions pertaining to the Discloser's feelings, asked advice giving questions, tended to have infrequent silences during the interaction, and did not ask digressive or dysfunctional questions. Finally, the importance of Outgoing suggests the salience of an activity dimension in judged Clinical Potential.     

Metacognitive Therapy Focused on Psychosocial Function in Psychosis

Metacognitive Insight and Reflection Therapy is a manual-based individual psychotherapy aimed at enhancing four metacognitive processes through patient’s personal narratives which may promote recovery by helping individuals suffering from schizophrenia to develop a richer and more integrated sense of self. This study is a single case analysis of the effects of a meta-cognitively oriented CBT on residual psychotic symptoms and functional targets. Outcome measures (PANNS, PDI 21, BAVQ-R, PSP, MAS-A) were collected at two different times: pre-CBT and 1-year. Results showed reductions in the distress, preoccupation and conviction associated with delusions and improvements in metacognitive abilities, social functioning, hopefulness and of the sense of self-confidence to cope with the psychotic symptoms. Adopting a metacognitive perspective during psychotherapy had several benefits: to foster the development of therapeutic alliance, to allow the patient to assess the efficacy and acknowledge the consequences of the different strategies he could use to cope with his symptoms and to question the predominance of his delusions in his life. To conclude, Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy seem particularly adapted to address psychosocial issues, such as social or work functioning.     

Therapeutic activities and the assimilation model: A preliminary exploratory study on the Insight stage

The assimilation model describes the process of change assuming that the self is enriched when there is a dialogue between nondominant voices or problematic experiences and the dominant voices. This dialogue is best seen in the Insight stage. The aim of this paper is to study the Insight stage during the assimilation process in relation to the main therapeutic activities performed by the therapist. All the Insights from the assimilation process of a patient, María, were analysed. In assimilation terms, María could be described through the nondominant voices of “dizziness,” “tiredness,” and “inability to cope with daily demands,” and through the dominant voices of “control,” “overcome and solve,” and “why something is happening.” María showed a successful assimilation of her problematic experiences. The therapeutic context was the Linguistic Therapy of Evaluation (LTE), a kind of cognitive therapy based on the theory of General Semantics. María was considered a good outcome case in the LTE sample. Results showed that there were some general therapeutic activities related to these Insights. A high percentage of activities pointed to one of the main issues of LTE: the development of an extensional orientation. At the same time, some of these activities were related to María’s voices. Results are discussed in relation to the relevance of the development of an extensional orientation for the assimilation process; how voices are recognized or challenged in therapy, and to the importance of considering relationship issues during the assimilation process.     

Does Symptom Type Moderate the Relationship Between Insight and Outcome in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis? A Preliminary Investigation

Insight has emerged as a potential predictor variable in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp). However, previous research has produced mixed results. The present study aimed to clarify whether symptom type is a moderating variable. A group of psychotic patients (n = 44) were assessed through pre- and post-treatment in a CBTp specialty track in a partial hospital-based program in the USA. The Insight Scale was used to measure insight, and psychotic symptomatology was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale. Patients showed a significant decrease in psychotic symptom scores over the course of treatment [t(43) = 3.59, p < .001, Cohen's d = .64]. Furthermore, illness awareness was specifically associated with a decrease in psychotic symptoms for patients who endorsed visual hallucinations (r = ? .68, p < .01), auditory hallucinations (r = ? .49, p = .01), and/or ideas of reference (r = ? .66, p < .01). Insight did not confer additional benefit for patients with paranoid delusions, mind reading, or thought insertion symptoms. These results are discussed in relation to treatment implications within the current US health care delivery system.     

Little hans's transference

D. W. Winnicott: Playing and Reality. Tavistock Publications, London, 1971. Pp. xiii and 151. Price £2.10.

Louis Minski, M.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.M., and Margaret J. Shepperd, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.M.: Non-communicating Children. Butterworths, London, 1970. Price £2.50.

I. Salzberger-Wittenberg: Psycho-Analytic Insight and Relationships: A Kleinian Approach. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970. Price £1.50.

Ed. T. C. N. Gibbens and Robert H. Ahrenfeldt: Cultural Factors in Delinquency. Social Science Paperbacks, Tavistock Publications. Price 75p.     

创造性智力的验证性因素分析

本研究旨在以心理测最的方法构建创造性智力的维度。在理论构想的基础上自编创造性智力测试,以大学生为被试,然后时测试结果进行验证性因素分析。经过修正得到创造性智力结构的二阶四维同质性模型,由此创造性智力的结构可以从四个维度去描述,即假设检验、顿悟思维、创新设计和定势-批判。     

WHAT LEADS TO BASIC CHANGE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY? A ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION

At the Round Table discussion William V. Silverberg speculated that insight and experience in the interaction between patient and therapist are two main factors in change in psychoanalytic therapy. The two factors work hand in hand, according to Silverberg. Insight contributes to the uncovering of the existence of unconsciously held convictions and “life experience” is the trust that develops between patient and therapist, helped by the good will of the analyst. Silverberg calls this the “silent” aspect of psychoanalysis. The trustworthiness of the therapist serves to confirm the new insight and to enable the patient to act upon it. Insight is an understanding, experienced in the process of dealing in new ways with old situations.     

Book Review Section

Book reviewed in this article: Susan T. Fiske, Daniel L. Schacter, and Carolyn Zahn‐Waxler (Editors). Annual Review of Psychology. Manuel London (Editor). How People Evaluate Others in Organizations. Louis Diamant and Jo Ann Lee (Editors). The Psychology of Sex, Gender, and Jobs: Issues and Solutions. Ronald Fry, Frank Barrett, Jane Seiling, and Diana Whitney (Editors) Appreciative Inquiry and Organizational Transformation: Reports from the Field. Terence L. Gargiulo. Making Stories: A Practical Guide for Organizational Leaders and Human Resource Specialists. Manuel London. Leadership Development: Paths to Self‐Insight and Professional Growth. Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee. Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence. Louis Carter, David Giber, and Marshall Goldsmith (Editors). Best Practices in Organization Development and Change. Carol Beatty and Harvey Schachter. Employee Ownership: The New Source of Competitive Advantage. Margaret B. W. Graham and Alec T. Shuldiner. Corning and the Craft of Innovation. C. Fred Alford. Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. Peter Koestenbaum and Peter Block. Freedom and Accountability at Work: Applying Philosophical Insight to the Real World. Reviewed by Anthony F. Buono, Professor of Management and Sociology, Bentley College, Waltham, MA. Jane Galloway Seiling. The Meaning and Role of Organizational Advocacy: Responsibility and Accountability in the Workplace. Daniel C. Kramer. Workplace Sabbaticals: Bonus or Entitlement? Andrew Mayo. The Human Value of the Enterprise: Valuing People as Assets–Monitoring, Measuring, Managing. Richard A. Swanson. Assessing the Financial Benefits of Human Resource Development. Tom W. Goad. Information Literacy and Workplace Performance. Lisa A. Burke (Editor). High‐Impact Training Solutions: Top Issues Troubling Trainers. John B. Kidd, Xue Li and Frank‐Jurgen Richter (Editors). Advances in Human Resource Management in Asia. Edmund Heery and Mike Noon. A Dictionary of Human Resource Management. Peter Warr (Editor). Psychology at Work (5th edition). Neil Anderson, Deniz S. Ones, Handan Kepir Sinangil, and Chockalingam Viswesvaran (Editors). Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology. Biostat. Power and Precision: A Computer Program for Statistical Power Analysis and Confidence Intervals.     

The Relationship Between Certain Examiner Personality Variables and Subjects' Rorschach Scores

A projective instrument entitled the "Kilmann Insight Test" (KIT) was devised to measure the Interpersonal Value Constructs (IVCs) of individuals, defined as: the mental categories through which an individual perceives and interprets the desirable and undesirable features of interpersonal behavior. The KIT requires an individual to differentiate on a seven-point scale, 18 IVCs according to how relevant they are to a series of six ambiguous pictures of interpersonal situations. A factor analysis of the KIT's values resulted in two comprehensive factors: (a) Good Fellowship versus Functional Task Activity, and (b) Interpersonal Restraint versus Boldness. Comparing the KIT with a self-report instrument containing the same value items as the KIT, suggested that the KIT is assessing value dimensions, but that the KIT seems to be tapping a different concept of values than the self-report assessment.     

Effects of different training histories upon manufacturing a tool to solve a problem: insight in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.)

Animal Cognition - The emergence of novel behavior is a multilayered phenomenon that comprehends distinct processes. One such process is known as insightful problem solving. “Insight”...     

Re:Views

Personal Effectiveness: Improving Personal Relationships: Assertion Issues for High School Women Personal Effectiveness: Improving Personal Relationships: Assertion Issues for High School Women in Relating to Men, Part II (# 77560) Catherine M. Steel and Janice M. Hochman Personal Effectiveness: Alive and Aware: Improving Communication in Relationships. Sherod Miller, Elam W. Nunnally, and Daniel B. Wackman. Personal Effectiveness: Psychology and Personal Growth. Abe Arkoff, Editor. Personal Effectiveness: EST: Playing the Game* the New Way (*The Game of Life). Carl Frederick. Personal Effectiveness: Breaking Through to Each Other: Creative Persuasion on the Job and in the Home. Jesse S. Nirenberg. Personal Effectiveness: Seminar on Human Sexuality For Behaviorists: Insight to Impact: Strategies for Interpersonal and Organizational Change. William G. Dyer. Personal Effectiveness: Effective Behavior in Organizations: Learning From the Interplay of Cases, Concepts, and Student Experiences. Allen R. Cohen, Stephen L. Fink, Herman Gadon, and Robin D. Willits     

Women's Psychological Experiences in a Narrative Therapy-Based Group: An Analysis of Participants' Writings and Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition

The purpose of this study was to explore women's experiences in a narrative therapy-based group conducted to help participants re-author their stories. Seven women who were either patients or individuals enrolled in Transition Support for Employment at a psychiatric clinic participated in the meetings, one every fortnight. Each session explored a theme based on narrative therapy techniques such as externalization. The participants wrote their reflections during each session, and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) during the initial and final sessions. An affinity diagram was developed to classify their written reflections into 22 lower categories (e.g., new understanding of self, forward-looking-understanding of life) and 4 upper categories (“Insight,” “Sharing with others,” “Changes with understanding of lives,” “Higher motivation”). The relationship among five lower categories comprising “Insight” was explored, and it became apparent that clarification of participants' own thoughts about social problems functioned as a mediator promoting the process. The largest portion of depressed feelings emerged during the initial session, and four participants had lower scores for BDI-II items such as self-criticism in the final session. The results suggest that the group's purpose was realized. However, future studies should examine participants' feelings more closely, especially during the initial session.     

Sex role conformity in homosexual and heterosexual males

Nine principal components were extracted from the scores of 26 homosexual and 26 heterosexual males matched on age, education, occupation status, and sampling frame on Adjective Check List, Bem Sex Role Inventory, Chapin Social Insight Test, Experience Inventory, and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire scales selected to represent a variety of "masculine" and "feminine" sex role attributes. The four most general varimax factors, accounting for 48% of the total variance, were: I) "Feminine Openness," II) "Masculine Boldness," III) "Reflection," and IV) "Novelty Seeking." Factor scores were constructed and indicated that the homosexual sample was significantly more identified with Factor I (p < .00l; 17% of total variance). There was no significant difference between the samples on Factor II, nor on the remaining two general factors which were not sex typed.