The Parable of the Puzzle: Fitting Together the Pieces of Psychological Research

Poised at the threshold of a new century, new millennia, and perhaps a New Age, psychologists may wish to revisit this century's major developments in psychological inquiry. A parable is offered as one means of gaining a new perspective about the current status of psychological research. I hope the parable will stimulate lively debate and raise questions as to how psychology may best contribute in the century ahead.     

Regulatory Mode and Preferred Leadership Styles: How Fit Increases Job Satisfaction

The purpose of this bibliography is to present social psychologists with a comprehensive listing of research works published between 1976 and 1979 by Latin American social psychologists. The bibliography hopes to solve some of the problems encountered by English-speaking psychologists who wish to keep abreast of recent developments in Latin America: Most of the articles are published in Spanish or Portuguese in journals that are difficult to obtain at U.S. or Canadian libraries. This bibliography joins other previous efforts to inform English-speaking psychologists of works carried out in Latin America. Foremost among these are Ardila and Finley's (1975) bibliography on Latin American psychology and Marin's (1978, 1979, 1980) previous bibliographies on Latin American social psychology, Citations included in this bibliography met the following criteria: (1) the work was written by a Latin American or the data was collected in Latin America (throughout the bibliography, Latin America was perceived to be all countries in the .Americas excluding the United States and Canada); (2) the cover date of the publication ranged from 1976 to 1979; and (3) the theme of the article was perceived in Latin America as being within the domain of social psychology. Works are cited by topics, and alphabetically within each topic. All citations include the original title of the article or book and its English translation where appropriate. Each abstract is nonevaluative and includes the most significant aspects of the contents of each citation. Reprints of the articles can be secured by contacting the authors. Their addresses can be obtained by consulting the recent International Directory of Psychologists (Jacobson &; Reinert, 1980), or by writing the author of this bibliography.     

Programmatic Writing: A “What To” Option for Professional Publication

The authors examine programmatic writing as a method of increasing expertise and success for counselors desiring professional development and recognition through publication.     

The Woody Allen Puzzle: How ‘Authentic Alienation’ Complicates Autonomy

Theories of autonomy commonly make reference to some form of endorsement: an action is autonomous insofar as the agent has a second‐order desire towards the motivating desire, or takes it to be a reason for action, or is not alienated from it. In this paper I argue that all such theories have difficulty accounting for certain kinds of agents, what I call ‘Woody Allen cases’. In order to make sense of such cases, I suggest, it is necessary to disambiguate two distinct forms of endorsement, both of which contribute to autonomy.     

How Doxastic Justification Helps Us Solve the Puzzle of Misleading Higher‐Order Evidence

Certain plausible evidential requirements and coherence requirements on rationality seem to yield dilemmas of rationality (in a specific, objectionable sense) when put together with the possibility of misleading higher‐order evidence. Epistemologists have often taken such dilemmas to be evidence that we're working with some false principle. In what follows I show how one can jointly endorse an evidential requirement, a coherence requirement, and the possibility of misleading higher‐order evidence without running afoul of dilemmas of rationality. The trick lies in observing the difference between attitudes it is rational to hold (= propositional justification) and rationally holding those attitudes (= doxastic justification).     

Fumerton's Puzzle for Theories of Rationality

Richard Foley has presented a puzzle purporting to show that all attempts in trying to find a sufficient condition of rationality are doomed. The puzzle rests on two plausible assumptions. The first is a level-connecting principle: if one rationally believes that one's belief that p is irrational, then one's belief that p is irrational. The second is a claim about a structural feature shared by all promising sufficient conditions of rationality: for any such condition, it is possible that one's belief satisfies it and yet one rationally believes that it doesn’t. With the two assumptions, Foley argues that a sufficient condition of rationality is impossible. I explain how exactly the puzzle goes and I try to offer a solution. If my solution works, all theorists of rationality who accept certain level-connecting principles need to add an extra condition to their favourite rationality-making condition.     

How Initial Plans Mediate the Expansion and Resolution of Options in Writing

Effects of a period of planning prior to writing ('pre-writing') and of the writing medium on the content and quality of writing were examined in two between-subjects experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects wrote short narratives either immediately after instruction or following a 5-minute pre-writing period; half of each group used pen and paper; the other half used a word processor. Both pre-writing and word processing resulted in more changes to text content, resulting in compositions that were judged as more sophisticated and creative. Experiment 2 demonstrated that pre-writing using a written outline decreases content revisions compared to non-written pre-writing. Verbal protocols indicated that non-written pre-writing was focused on content generation, whereas outlines were associated with more conceptual planning. To account for these data we propose several additions to the Hayes and Flower (1980) cognitive model of the writing process. Both pre-writing and word processing are viewed as expanding the alternatives to be considered, i.e. 'option expansion'. During writing the options are resolved during pauses and through changes to text content, i.e. 'option resolution'.     

Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness

Book Information Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness. Purple Haze: The Puzzle of Consciousness Levine Joseph New York Oxford University Press 2001 204 Hardback £22.50 By Levine Joseph. Oxford University Press. New York. Pp. 204. Hardback:£22.50,     

Sexual Orientation and Leadership Suitability: How Being a Gay Man Affects Perceptions of Fit in Gender-Stereotyped Positions

The current set of studies examines perceptions of gay men’s fitness for leadership positions in the workplace. In two between-subjects experiments we examined the effect of a male employee’s sexuality on perceptions of his suitability for stereotypically feminine, masculine, and gender-neutral managerial positions, as well as potential mediators (perceptions of target agency and communion) and moderators (target out status) of these effects. In Study 1, 341 U.S. college student participants rated a gay male target as more communal and more suitable for feminine managerial positions than an otherwise identical heterosexual target, irrespective of his “out” status. Moreover, ratings of communion mediated the relationship between targets’ sexuality and suitability for feminine leadership. No differences between gay and heterosexual targets in targets’ agency or targets’ suitability for masculine or gender-neutral managerial positions were detected. Study 2 used a sample of 439 U.S. adults and an ambiguous target’s résumé to replicate and expand Study 1. This study provided participants with conflicting information on targets’ agency and communion, and it assessed the same dependent variables of targets’ agency, communion, and leadership suitability for various positions. Study 2 again found that ratings of communion significantly mediated the relationship between male targets’ sexuality and perceived suitability for feminine managerial roles. These findings extend previous research on perceptions of gay men in the workplace and have practical implications for being “out” at work.     

Sound-symbolism: A Piece in the Puzzle of Word Learning

Sound-symbolism is the idea that the relationship between word sounds and word meaning is not arbitrary for all words, but rather that there are subsets of words in the world’s languages for which sounds and their symbols have some degree of correspondence. The present research investigates sound-symbolism as a possible route to the learning of an unknown word’s meaning. Three studies compared the guesses that adult participants made regarding the potential meanings of sound-symbolic and non-sound symbolic obsolete words. In each study, participants were able to generate better definitions for sound-symbolic words when compared to non-sound symbolic words. Participants were also more likely to recognize the meanings of sound symbolic words. The superior performance on sound-symbolic words held even when definitions generated on the basis of sound association were eliminated. It is concluded that sound symbolism is a word property that influences word learning.     

生物医学工程:医学工程思维的人文困惑

生物医学工程引入新的人文问题.其认识主体、认识角度和学科范围都是基于工程的,实质是工程对医学的改造."医学工程共同体"改变了医师结构和群体,使"医惠关系"复杂化."机器"思维使医学有变为"机器医学"的危险.生物医学工程加剧以"身心二分"为特点的当代医学人文困惑.     

On the Puzzle of the Changing Past

In the intriguing article The puzzle of the changing past, Barlassina and Del Prete (Analysis 75:59–67, 2015) argue that, if one grants a platitude about truth and accepts a simple story that they tell, one is forced to conclude that the past has changed. I will suggest that there is a coherent way to resist that conclusion. The platitude about truth is in fact a platitude, but the story is not exactly as they tell it.     

Assessing Person-Organization Fit in Personnel Selection: Guidelines for Future Research

In response to theory and research suggesting that positive individual and organizational outcomes are associated with person-organization fit, there is growing interest in the use of personnel selection practices to achieve fit between individuals and organizations. Research is needed to confirm the value of assessing applicant-organization fit in the selection process and to test alternative approaches for measuring the match between applicants and organizations. This article provides guidance for future research on the assessment of applicant-organization fit. Criteria for assessing applicant-organization fit are indentified and four techniques for assessing fit are then evaluated in the light of these criteria. In addition, the article identifies issues that should be addressed in future research on applicant-organization fit.     

Classical Invariantism and the Puzzle of Fallibilism

This paper revisits a puzzle that arises for theories of knowledge according to which one can know on the basis of merely inductive grounds. No matter how strong such theories require inductive grounds to be if a belief based on them is to qualify as knowledge, there are certain beliefs (namely, about the outcome of fair lotteries) that are based on even stronger inductive grounds, while, intuitively, they do not qualify as knowledge. This paper discusses what is often regarded as the most promising classical invariantist solution to the puzzle, namely, that beliefs about the outcomes of fair lotteries do not qualify as knowledge because they are too lucky to do so (or, relatedly, because they do not satisfy a safety condition on knowledge), while other beliefs based on potentially weaker inductive grounds are not too lucky (or, relatedly, because they are safe). A case is presented that shows that this solution to the puzzle is actually not viable. It is argued that there is no obvious alternative solution in sight and that therefore the puzzle still awaits a classical invariantist solution.     

A Puzzle about the Demands of Morality

Two thought experiments are provided which elicit whatappear to be opposing judgments about the demands of morality.One Unger-inspired thought experiment suggests that a personmust give up four decades of earnings just to save a singlelife. The other evokes the contrary intuition that onedoesn't have to labor forty years without compensation inorder to prevent the death of an individual. However,considerations of consistency do not demand that weabandon one of our intuitive responses. This is becausethere is a morally significant difference between thetwo burdens that the people suffer in the respectivethought experiments. The difference is a result of humanpsychology being such that it is easier to bear theaftermath of an event that renders one's earlier effortsfutile than it is to suffer identical efforts goingunrewarded in the future. A conclusion that can bedrawn from this temporal asymmetry is that while moralityis not quite as demanding as Unger and many consequentialistsmaintain, it is much more demanding than many of their opponents realize.     

The Puzzle of Theodoret's Christology: A Modest Suggestion

This article suggests that the perplexities of Theodoret's Christologycan be understood well if one regards them as stemming not froma doctrinal evolution (as some scholars argue), but rather froma fundamental (but usually unnoticed) inconsistency that ispresent at all times in Theodoret's life. The inconsistencylies between his normal pattern for writing about Christ andthe way he sometimes writes of Christ when he is dealing withthe crucifixion. Theodoret usually sees the personal subjectof Christ (the one who acts and to whom the human experienceshappen) as the Logos himself, but at times when he discussesthe death of Christ, his strong view of divine impassibilityleads him to see the personal subject who undergoes sufferingand death as the man Jesus. The article substantiates its caseby reviewing the most significant twentieth-century scholarlyliterature on Theodoret and by examining his christologicalwritings from three different periods of his career: the yearsaround the Council of Ephesus (431–3), the year he wrotethe Eranistes (probably 447), and the years immediately priorto the Council of Chalcedon (448–51).     

脑卒中预警研究:困惑与思考

在 2 0 0 1年 11月 ,国家“十五”科技攻关计划将“老年疾病预警与防治研究”立项 ,首次将医学预警问题列入国家未来五年的重大科研计划 ,说明对医学问题进行预警 ,已成为今后一个时期重要的科研方向。那么 ,对疾病发生能否预警 ?如果能 ,它研究的主要目标、内容、策略和方法又是什么 ?就上述问题 ,本文试从哲学原理与方法学的角度进行讨论。1　何谓医学预警 ?其提出依据是什么什么是医学预警 ?目前尚未见明确的定义。作者理解为 :综合利用医学、数学、计算机等手段与方法 ,对某种疾病在未来时间里的发生、发展、转归与结局 ,进行个体或群体…     

Person-Environment Fit and its implications for personality development: a longitudinal study

Continuity and change in Person-Environment Fit (PE Fit) and its relation to personality development was studied in a 4-year longitudinal study of college students (N=305). PE Fit demonstrated moderate rank-order stability and small increases in mean-levels over time. Antecedents to PE Fit included gender (being male), high academic ability, low agreeableness, and low neuroticism. Outcomes associated with PE Fit included greater personality consistency and changes in personality in the direction of higher self-esteem and lower agreeableness and neuroticism. The implications of the findings for personality development are discussed.