Respect for Older Persons:

Most readily available literature on the subject of the status of older persons and the respect accorded to them is written within the framework of the Judaeo-Christian tradition. The result is a possible inclination to universalize to all people concepts and experiences that are unique to one cultural tradition. This paper reviews a totally different cultural and ethical basis of respect for older persons, the Confucian tradition; and traces the history of that tradition through 2000 years of one oriental society: Korea.     

Alternative Living Arrangements for Older Persons

Billings, G. Alternatives to Nursing Home Care: An Update. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 2–11. Brill, R.S. New York City Home Care Project: A Coordinated Health and Social Service Approach. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 12–15. Gray, P.J. State Experiences with Long-term Care. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 28–33. Sager, A. Improving the Provision of Long-term Care. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326; 16–27.     

Life-Flow Leisure Counseling for Older Persons

Work is a primary source of self-satisfaction and self-definition for many people during most of the years of their lives. Consequently, the loss of work and the necessary transition to leisure as the primary life activity are often difficult for older persons. Leisure counseling is a method of helping older persons find self-satisfaction in leisure and therefore better adjust to their life situations. This article presents some suggestions for effective leisure counseling with older persons.     

Abuse and Older Persons: Issues and Implications for Counselors

Counselors can play a vital role in addressing the needs of increasing numbers of older persons subject to and at risk for abuse from their families, caretakers, and themselves.     

Communication with Older Persons: Part I-Looking Within

ABSTRACT

How is healthy (salugenic) religion to be distinguished from sick (pathogenic) religion in modern life? Humanistic psychology and religion have benchmarks by which they can be defined. The healthy religion indicators can be related to aging and to physical wellness or wholeness. Such a correlation is especially helpful in a changing 21st century world.     

关于高龄恶性肿瘤与人类自然死亡

“天寿癌”指的是高寿者经历漫长和满足的生命历程后平和地几乎没有痛苦地死于恶性肿瘤。癌症在高龄人群中十分常见,故高龄者死于癌症亦可被认为是一种形式的生命自然终结过程。因此,“天寿癌”的提出可能有助于老年人较实际地面对致死性肿瘤性疾病。对“天寿癌”的概念、诊断、治疗及其医学伦理学的问题进行简要的讨论。     

网络哲学论纲

人类社会正在从工业时代向网络时代迈进,作为时代精神精华的哲学也面临着自身的变革。网络哲学正是哲学反思网络时代的产物,即用网络的方式研究哲学,从哲学的角度思考网络。网络哲学是对当代以信息网络为基础的人类存在方式的全面变革进行哲学概括和反思的新兴哲学学科。主要研究对象是以网络为平台和中介的人自身、人与人、人与自然、人与社会、人与文化、人与世界的网络化关系和活动。     

Therapeutic Factors Contributing to Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Older Persons with Schizophrenia

The contributions of homework, therapy participation, cognitive insight, and skills acquisition to treatment outcomes in group CBT for schizophrenia were examined. Increased cognitive insight was associated with reduced positive, negative and total symptoms, but not improved psychosocial functioning. Greater participation was associated with increased cognitive insight, reduction in total and negative symptoms, and a trend was found for positive symptoms. Greater homework adherence was associated with greater skill acquisition, but skill acquisition was not significantly associated with change in any outcome. The therapeutic factors contributing to change in CBT for schizophrenia appear different for symptom and psychosocial functioning outcomes.     

Equal Opportunity Programs: A Case for Counseling

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, under Title VI, requires that institutions of higher education submit enrollment figures according to ethnic breakdown for federal monies to be allocated. Such requirements are indicative of efforts to diversify student populations. The Higher Education Act of 1965 also incorporates a number of related programs—Supplemental Opportunity Grants, College Work Study, Talent Search, Upward-Bound—which are designed to provide direct or indirect assistance to disadvantaged students. (Gordon, 1975)     

Crones, Dirty Old Men, Sexy Seniors: Representations of the Sexuality of Older Persons

The representations of the sexuality of older persons in American society are neither flattering nor accurate. Often what is presented is filled with confusion, uncertainty, and contradictions. Sexuality of old people, like sexuality of adolescents, frightens most adults in between. Evidence suggests hope that in popular culture, conventional representations of sexless older people are finally undergoing a change. The popular literature aimed at elderly or midlife audiences increasingly portrays older persons as healthy, vigorous, and not unattractive. Since in the popular mind attractiveness and sexuality are believed to be closely linked, this change signals an increased willingness to credit old people who are aging well (i.e., who look and act young) with being sexually interested and probably active.     

Guided Autobiography: A Counseling Tool for Older Adults

The author describes Guided Autobiography, a course based on the life review concept, and evaluates its impact on self-concept, time competence, and purpose in life. Despite a lack of significant results on the dependent measures, informal evaluations and a follow-up study indicated that the course had resulted in some positive changes.     

Establishing Moral Education Programs: A Priority for Guidance

People accept the general idea that there should be “instruction in the schools that deals with morals and moral behavior.” The program described in this article presents one possible model for moral instruction. Counselors were not involved directly in the program because of funding limitations, but counselors can use the program to stimulate moral education activities.     

A Meta-Model for Evaluating Counseling Programs

One of the problems associated with program evaluation is the selection of appropriate evaluation procedures. Given the existence of multiple evaluation models, counselors would benefit by having a systematic means for identifying the evaluation model best suited for the task at hand. This article responds to that need by presenting a conceptual framework or meta-model for appraising the utility of existing evaluation models and for identifying the evaluation procedure best suited to any particular situation.     

Cortical Cell Assemblies: A Possible Mechanism for Motor Programs

The concept of a motor program has been used to interpret a diverse range of empirical findings related to preparation and initiation of voluntary movement. In the absence of an underlying mechanism, its explanatory power has been limited to that of an analogy with running a stored computer program. We argue that the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a possible neural mechanism for motor programming. According to this view, a motor program may be conceptualized as a cell assembly, which is stored in the form of strengthened synaptic connections between cortical pyramidal neurons. These connections determine which combinations of corticospinal neurons are activated when the cell assembly is ignited. The dynamics of cell assembly ignition are considered in relation to the problem of serial order. These considerations lead to a plausible neural mechanism for the programming of movements and movement sequences that is compatible with the effects of precue information and sequence length on reaction times. Anatomical and physiological guidelines for future quantitative models of cortical cell assemblies are suggested. By taking into account the parallel, re-entrant loops between the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, the theory of cortical cell assemblies suggests a mechanism for motor plans that involve longer sequences. The suggested model is compared with other existing neural network models for motor programming.