调节性匹配理论述评

在决策、动机领域,Higgins（2000）提出了一种新的理论——调节性匹配理论。所谓调节性匹配（regulatoryfit）,指的是个体的自我调节定向与其行为策略之间的匹配。该理论认为,调节性匹配能增强个体在目标追求过程中的动机强度、主观评价和情绪体验,从而对个体的行为决策产生重要影响。文章围绕调节性匹配的概念、产生、效应及应用价值等问题对相关研究进行综述,并在此基础上提出了现有研究存在的问题及未来的研究方向     

试析价值观对心理健康的影响

价值观是个体深层的心理建构,是个性倾向性的核心,指导着个体的行为。他同时包含着认知、情感和意志的成分,与个体心理健康有着一定的关联性。本在对价值观心理成分进行分析的基础上,认为价值观主要是通过认知成分中的价值思维模式和价值认知内容对心理健康发生影响。末从认知心理疗法的角度给出了对价值观进行调整的步骤。     

当代社会道德形态的基本特征:从个体德性走向整体伦理

在现代世界里对个体价值的重视与个体在道德上发挥作用的能力,正好形成了鲜明的反差。从价值上讲,我们重视个体的人的地位;然而从道德上讲,我们却不能依靠个体的人的作用,而是需要立足于作为行为主体的社会整体的力量。这样一种当代社会中道德从个体转向整体的运作与实现方式,是通过下述三个层面体现出来的。第一,从个体榜样的示范效应转向规制中的道德渗透与伦理涵蕴。第二,从个体德性的培育转向社会主导价值的建构。第三,从精英的道德导引转向民主的伦理商谈程序的运作。     

介绍一种适用于灵活实验设计的方差分析程序

在心理学的多因素实验研究中,一般常采用组间设计、而较少用组内设计或混合型设计。这主要是由于传统的方差分析程序本身的局限性引起的。本文介绍的ANOVA 程序,是一种适合于各种设计的方差分析系统。最后结合这种ANOVA 程序对常见的几种实验设计进行了分析比较。     

作为人之程序和取向的文化

人在本质上是一种文化存在。文化是内含为人取向的人为程序,首先呈现为技术-经济、政治-法律、社会生活和意识形态中的基本程序。文化的程序需要不断更新和优化。文化的描述性程序与规范性取向内在地统一在一起,人类的行为、感觉和思想通过符号的中介,在文化上形成层层表里的关系。文化的主体性是在个体主体性基础上的群体主体性、民族主体性、人类主体性。文化的普遍性存在于特殊性之中,文化的普遍性也就是文化的公共性。唯物史观对自然、人类、社会、文化的系统动态关系及其发展趋向的揭示,具有恒久的价值。     

普遍与个体的平衡——探析荷兰现代设计发展

荷兰是现代主义设计的发源地之一。社会体制健全,艺术历史悠久,设计教育发达,国际视野开阔、文化活动兴盛,形成了荷兰独特而浓厚的设计氛围与文化,至今在国际舞台都有自己的一席之位,值得理论界与设计界研究与借鉴。荷兰现代设计可以从设计文化中的两个对立关系——社会普遍意识与个体价值进行探讨,从中可以进一步解读西方社会中设计的价值与表现。     

韩康伯《周易》解释中的道德思想

审视中国哲学研究,不难发现,对韩康伯周易思想的研究并不多见,而对其道德思想的分析更是难觅.本文从道德基础、道德教化和修养等方面,对韩康伯周易解释中的道德思想进行了分析,认为他在实践的操作上,既强调"因"、"随"等因循行为对个体道德实践的重要性,显示了对个体特性的尊重;又推崇"情以感物",体现着发挥个体积极主动性的不可或缺性,而这一思想倾向与玄学的价值方向是一致的.     

面试考官的权重策略对评分和录用的影响

从个体水平研究面试考官的有效性是面试研究的一个热点问题．本研究对面试考官权重策略的类型及类型的比较进行了实证研究。研究运用线性规划策略捕捉方法,分析了公务员考试中28名考官在结构化面试和无领导小组讨论中的权重策略,研究了权重策略对评分和录用的影响,结果发现：（1）在结构化面试中存在三种策略,在无领导小组讨论中存在两种策略,这些策略大部分是规范的（符合评分规则的要求）,它们会随面试情景发生变化;（2）权重策略影响了考官的评分区分度和最终考生的录用结果,规范性策略具有较高的区分度和录用预测效度。研究最后对结果的理论和实践意义进行了讨论。     

人际关系情境下神经症病人的责备倾向特点

本研究采用个人化设计系统地探讨了不同人际关系情境下神经症病人责备倾向的特点.结果表明,神经症病人在与同事关系中较多责备同事而较少责备自己;而在与配偶关系中则较多责备自己较少责备配偶;同时,神经症病人责备倾向存在较大个体差异,不同情境下责备倾向也存在较大不一致。文中讨论了这一责备特点对人际关系和适应的影响,并提出了进一步研究的假设。     

关于婴儿期概念发生的研究方法

本文介绍了测查婴儿期概念发生的两种主要方法:知觉辨认法和习惯化/去习惯化法;并较详细地描述了这两类方法的设计思路、具体使用程序及不同的测查角度;在此基础上,阐述了这两类方法的使用对于进一步了解人类个体概念的起源及个体概念形成的机制等问题所具有的重要意义。     

汉语儿童人称代词的获得

本文作两个方面的研究。研究一用追踪录音方法记录5名半岁到3岁半幼儿获得人称代词的过程。结果表明:汉语儿童一般在1岁半到3岁半这期间逐步掌握人称代词,顺序是从“我”、“你”到“他”。研究二用实验方法探讨28名3—4岁儿童掌握单数人称代词的情况。结果表明:儿童4岁时人称代词获得有一个发展比较迅速的时期。到这一年龄阶段,儿童对人称代词的掌握已比较完善。在以上两项研究的基础上,探讨和总结了汉语儿童人称代词发展的特点和规律以及语言的普遍性。     

THE BIBLICAL ROOTS OF LOCKE'S THEORY OF PERSONAL IDENTITY

Locke's consciousness‐based theory of personal identity resulted not only from his agnosticism on substance, but also from his biblical theology. This theory was intended to complement and sustain Locke's moral and theological commitments to a system of otherworldly rewards and sanctions as revealed in Scripture. Moreover, he inferred mortalist ideas from the Bible, rejecting the resurrection of the same body and maintaining that the soul dies at physical death and will be resurrected by divine miracle. Accordingly, personal identity is neither in the soul, nor in the body, nor in a union of soul and body. To Locke, personal identity is in consciousness, which, extending “backwards to any past Action or Thought,” enables the self, both in this life and upon resurrection for the Last Judgment, to recognize that “it is the same self now it was then; and ‘tis by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that Action was done” (Essay II.xxvii.9).     

THE IMPACT OF ROLE STRESSORS AND PERSONAL RESOURCES ON THE STRESS EXPERIENCE OF PROFESSIONAL WOMEN

This study explored the contributions of role stressors and personal resources in predicting strain symptoms experienced by 117 professional women employed full-time in academia. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that, while role stressors alone accounted for only a moderate amount of the variance in reported strain symptoms, 51 % of the variance was explained when both stressors and personal resources were combined. Womend, who experienced higher levels of personal control and social support as well as a greater number of roles occupied reported lower levels of strain symptoms. These results support the use of a transactional model of stress in future multiple role research.     

THE EFFECT OF ELICITATION METHODS ON PERSONAL CONSTRUCT DIFFERENTIATION AND VALENCE

The effect of personal construct elicitation methods on construct content and structure was addressed in two studies. In Study 1, a between-subjects design was used to compare Kelly's (1955) original Triadic Difference method of elicitation with a Dyadic Opposite method. Study 2 used a fully-crossed, mixed factorial design to compare Kelly's (1955) Triadic Difference method with Epting, Suchman, and Nickeson's (1971) Triadic Opposite method. Results showed that "difference" methods of construct elicitation produced significantly higher levels of construct differentiation, lower numbers of positive emergent construct poles, and less socially undesirable implicit construct poles than "opposite" methods (see also Caputi & Reddy, in press). Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to a critical reappraisal of repertory grid methods.     

ASSESSING AND IMPROVING CHILD CARE: A PERSONAL APPEARANCE INDEX FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

An index of children's physical appearance and personal care was developed and used to assess youngsters with autism who lived (a) at home, (b) in an established group home, (c) in new group homes, and (d) in a large institution. Subsequently, a multiple baseline design across participants documented major changes in personal appearance and cleanliness when children moved from an institution to community-based, family-style group homes. Finally, data-based feedback generated by the appearance index was used as a training tool enabling group home staff to further improve child appearance. This research demonstrates how an evaluation instrument can be used to obtain comparative data, measure some effects of different residential placements, and provide ongoing feedback to caregivers to promote high standards of personal care among persons with severe developmental disabilities.     

THE DISCOVERY OF MEANING THROUGH SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS FORMS OF INDWELLING

Abstract. Because of similarities between some implications of Michael Polanyi's theory of personal knowledge and intelligent design, claims have been made that his theory provides support to the project of intelligent design. This essay contends that, when Polanyi's reflections on a Ideological framework for contextualizing evolutionary biology are properly understood as a heuristic vision, his position contrasts sharply with the empirical claims made on behalf of intelligent design.     

A SITUATIONAL JUDGMENT TEST OF PERSONAL INITIATIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PERFORMANCE

Although situational judgment tests have been found to be valid predictors of performance, they have rarely been used to measure particular constructs. In this study, we apply the situational judgment test method to the measurement of personal initiative, a construct defined as situated action. We used respondents' situated preferences in mental simulations of work scenarios as formative indicators of their overall level of personal initiative at work. Results from a validation study showed that the situational judgment test of personal initiative (SJT-PI) had adequate validity and complemented a Likert-type self-report measure of personal initiative in predicting behavioral criteria. Situated preferences for personal initiative were hypothesized to be proximal predictors of actual behavior and were accordingly found to mediate the relationship between generalized self-efficacy, felt responsibility, and actual behavior. Furthermore, situated preferences for personal initiative could be differentiated empirically from organizational citizenship behavior. We conclude that situational judgment tests are a promising method for measuring personal initiative and may be a general means of improving the validity of measurement in organizations.     

PERSONAL CONSTRUCT PSYCHOLOGY AND AUTISM

There has been no significant writing within personal construct psychology about autistic spectrum disorders, despite the fact that this approach provides promising models in a number of other specific areas of human difficulty. This article outlines a PCP model of autism, based on a wide variety of recent research findings and writings, including those of autism sufferers themselves. Autism is considered in the light of Kelly's fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries as well as Procter's (1978) group and family corollaries. It is argued that Kelly's theory provides an integrative framework for considering this complex set of disorders with implications for further research in autism and the early development of social cognition as well as for therapeutic and educational intervention in helping people struggling with autistic spectrum disorders.     

PROTOTYPICALITY OF SELF AND DIFFERENTIATING AMONG OTHERS IN TERMS OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS

Bipolar constructs were elicited individually from each of 53 participants. They evaluated themselves dichotomously on every construct, and then indicated on a scale of 1 to 10 their degree of confidence in each of their self-evaluations. Participants also rated 10 personal acquaintances from 1 to 5 on every construct. Their degree of confidence concerning their own self-evaluations across constructs correlated significantly with the extent to which they differentiated among their acquaintances in terms of the same constructs (r = 0.53, p < 0.0001), and with how definitely (i.e., extremely) they rated them (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001). It was argued that the contrasting poles of personal constructs represent fuzzy sets without distinct logical boundaries and the self can function as a prototype to which information about others is compared in evaluating them on the basis of each construct.