企业管理者心理弹性、积极情绪与工作倦怠的关系

采用心理弹性量表、工作倦怠量表以及情绪性量表对525名企业管理者进行了调查,以考察心理弹性、积极情绪和工作倦怠的关系。研究发现:(1)企业基层管理者的工作倦怠水平要高于中高层管理者;(2)心理弹性对工作倦怠及其情绪衰竭、玩世不恭、低成就感等维度有显著的负向预测作用;(3)积极情绪对工作倦怠及其各维度也具有显著的负向预测作用,并且在心理弹性和工作倦怠之间起中介作用。     

毕业生就业压力、心理弹性与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的:探讨如何提高毕业生的主观幸福感。方法:采用大学生毕业班就业压力问卷、成人心理弹性量表、总体幸福感量表对207名河南师范大学、河南理工大学的大四毕业生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)毕业生就业压力与心理弹性、主观幸福感存在显著负相关;心理弹性与主观幸福感存在显著正相关。(2)毕业生就业压力、心理弹性对主观幸福感有很好的预测作用(3)心理弹性是毕业生就业压力与主观幸福感的中介变量,存在部分中介作用。     

大学生的心理韧性及其与积极情绪、幸福感的关系

以207名大学生为被试,采用心理韧性量表(CD-RISC)、积极情感量表(PAS)和总体幸福感量表(GWB) 进行了为期9周的追踪测查,考察大学生心理韧性的特性及其与积极情绪和幸福感的关系。结果表明:(1)大学生的心理韧性具有一定的稳定性;(2)心理韧性与积极情绪显著正相关,积极情绪可以预测9周后的心理韧性;(3)心理韧性可以预测幸福感,积极情绪在该路径中起部分中介作用。     

父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响:基本心理需要满足的中介与调节作用模型

本研究旨在考察父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响及其作用机制。采用生活满意度问卷、积极情感消极情感量表、父母自主支持量表、自尊量表以及基本心理需要量表对1912名初中生被试进行调查。结果表明：（1）父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、积极情绪、自尊和基本心理需要满足有显著正向预测作用;（2）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、自尊和积极情绪影响中的中介作用显著;（3）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持与积极情绪、生活满意度之间起着调节作用。本研究结果揭示了基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持和积极情绪适应之间的“双重作用”。     

父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响:基本心理需要满足的中介与调节作用模型

本研究旨在考察父母自主支持对青少年积极情绪适应的影响及其作用机制。采用生活满意度问卷、积极情感消极情感量表、父母自主支持量表、自尊量表以及基本心理需要量表对1912名初中生被试进行调查。结果表明：（1）父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、积极情绪、自尊和基本心理需要满足有显著正向预测作用;（2）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持对青少年生活满意度、自尊和积极情绪影响中的中介作用显著;（3）基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持与积极情绪、生活满意度之间起着调节作用。本研究结果揭示了基本心理需要满足在父母自主支持和积极情绪适应之间的“双重作用”。     

寻求反馈能改善绩效吗?——反馈寻求行为与个体绩效关系的元分析

利用元分析方法探讨反馈寻求行为(FSB)与个体绩效的关系以明确其能否改善个体绩效。共有62篇实证研究纳入元分析, 被试总人数达15141人。结果表明：反馈寻求行为与个体绩效呈中等程度正相关(r = 0.329), 且与创新绩效的关系(r = 0.409)强于关系绩效(r = 0.302)和任务绩效(r = 0.258); 询问式反馈寻求行为(Inquiry FSB)与个体绩效及其分维度绩效的关系均强于监控式反馈寻求行为(Monitoring FSB)。文化背景和数据收集方式调节了反馈寻求行为与个体绩效的关系, 该关系在东亚文化背景下(r = 0.393)和截面同源数据中(r = 0.433)最强, 且在纵向配对数据中仍显著正相关(r = 0.154), 充分说明反馈寻求行为能改善个体绩效; 反馈寻求行为的测量工具、反馈源、非自评绩效的主客观性和被试类型的调节效应不显著。研究结果为反馈寻求行为对个体绩效的预测提供了较精确的估计, 并为反馈寻求行为的后续研究指引了方向。     

留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险与社会适应：压力的中介作用与心理社会资源的调节作用

基于生态系统理论和累积风险观的观点,考察了留守儿童家庭处境不利因素对社会适应的累积效应及其作用机制。采用问卷法对651名农村儿童进行入户调查, 1年后实施追踪。以前后测中一直处于留守状态的285名儿童为分析对象,其他样本作为对照组仅参加社会适应比较。结果显示：(1)与非留守儿童相比,留守儿童的前测、后测社会适应得分均较低;留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险与即时/延时社会适应的关系模式均为线性模式;(2)控制性别、年龄的作用后,留守儿童家庭处境不利累积风险对社会适应的即时/延时预测作用均显著(β=-0.42/-0.23, ps <0.001)。即时预测中,压力起部分中介作用,心理社会资源对后半条中介路径有调节效应,随着资源水平提高,压力的中介能力降低;延时预测中,后测压力起部分中介作用,心理社会资源对中介模型中的主效应及前半条中介路径同时有调节作用,随着资源水平提升,延时主效应及后测压力的中介效应同时减弱,至高分组时两类效应均不显著。可见,家庭处境不利累积风险是留守儿童低社会适应的重要近端环境因素,且部分通过诱发压力来实现;心理社会资源对其社会适应有重要保护作用。     

社会支持对流动儿童社会退缩的影响:心理弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨心理弹性在社会支持与流动儿童社会退缩之间的中介作用。方法:采用社会支持评定量表、青少年心理弹性量表和班级戏剧量表对258名流动儿童进行调查。结果表明:(1)活跃退缩与社会支持、心理弹性呈显著负相关; 安静退缩与社会支持相关不显著,与心理弹性呈显著负相关; 社会支持与心理弹性呈显著正相关;(2)社会支持、心理弹性显著负向预测流动儿童的活跃退缩;(3)心理弹性在社会支持与流动儿童活跃退缩之间具有完全中介作用。     

大学生压力和睡眠质量：反刍思维和心理韧性的链式中介作用

采用大学生压力量表、反刍思维量表、青少年心理韧性量表和匹兹堡睡眠指数量表调查684位大学生(被试平均年龄为20.26岁;SD = 1.08),探讨反刍思维和心理韧性在压力和睡眠质量之间的链式中介作用。结果表明：(1)压力对睡眠质量有显著的负向预测作用;(2)压力可通过反刍思维和心理韧性的独立中介作用及反刍思维和心理韧性的链式中介作用间接预测睡眠质量。本研究揭示了压力和睡眠质量的关系及作用机制,深化了大学生压力对睡眠质量影响的研究。     

中学生欺凌受害对其内化问题的影响:有调节的中介模型

采用特拉华校园氛围量表、特拉华欺负受害量表、心理弹性量表、病人健康问卷抑郁量表和广泛性焦虑量表对3543名中学生进行调查。探讨中学生感知的校园氛围与心理弹性在其欺凌受害与内化性问题间的中介调节作用。结果表明:(1)在控制中学生的性别、年级及父母文化水平后,欺凌受害能显著正向预测学生的内化性问题。(2)心理弹性在欺凌受害与内化性问题间起部分中介作用。(3)中学生感知的校园氛围在欺凌受害以及心理弹性对内化性问题的影响中均有显著的调节作用。     

青少年感恩与创伤后应激障碍症状的关系:社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用

在"5.12"汶川地震后18个月时,采用青少年感恩量表、社会支持评定量表、心理弹性量表和创伤后应激障碍自评量表,对都江堰地区1439名经历地震的青少年进行问卷调查,考察感恩、社会支持、心理弹性与创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状的关系。结果表明:(1)感恩、社会支持和心理弹性均与PTSD症状呈显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.18,-0.17和-0.24;(2)感恩不仅直接影响PTSD症状,而且还通过社会支持和心理弹性的部分中介作用间接影响PTSD症状,中介效应占总效应的62%。     

Positive affectivity predicts successful and unsuccessful adaptation to stress

This study examined adaptation to work stress among public school teachers (n = 267). Regression analyses tested whether positive affect predicted successful and unsuccessful adaptation to stress (viz., resilience and burnout, respectively) after controlling for demographic characteristics and work stress. Positive affect was largely correlated with resilience (r = .65, p < .001) and burnout (r = ?.57, p < .001). The regression of resilience showed that positive affect had a direct effect (β = .66, p < .001) and the total model explained 44 % of the variance (R ² Change = 37 %). In the regression of burnout, positive affect also had a direct effect (β = ?.41, p < .001) and the total model explained 52 % of the variance (R ² Change = 14 %). Further analyses found no significant interaction between work stress and positive affect, but revealed that positive affect completely mediated the effect of work stress on resilience. Results provide support for the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, particularly the theory’s building and undoing effects.     

Reported exposure and emotional reactivity to daily stressors: the roles of adult age and global perceived stress

A central goal of daily stress research is to identify resilience and vulnerability factors associated with exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. The present study examined how age differences and global perceptions of stress relate to exposure and emotional reactivity to daily stressors. Sixty-seven younger (M age = 20) and 116 older (M age = 80) adults completed a daily stress diary and measures of positive and negative affect on 6 days over a 14-day period. Participants also completed a measure of global perceived stress. Results revealed that reported exposure to daily stressors is reduced in old age but that emotional reactivity to daily stressors did not differ between younger and older adults. Global perceived stress was associated with greater reported exposure to daily stressors in older adults and greater stress-related increases in negative affect in younger adults. Furthermore, across days on which daily stressors were reported, intraindividual variability in the number and severity of stressors reported was associated with increased negative affect, but only among younger adults.     

Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations

This meta-analysis included 729 studies from 161 articles investigating how acute stress responsivity (including stress reactivity and recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis, autonomic, and cardiovascular systems) changes with various chronic psychosocial exposures (job stress; general life stress; depression or hopelessness; anxiety, neuroticism, or negative affect; hostility, aggression, or Type-A behavior; fatigue, burnout, or exhaustion; positive psychological states or traits) in healthy populations. In either the overall meta-analysis or the methodologically strong subanalysis, positive psychological states or traits were associated with reduced HPA reactivity. Hostility, aggression, or Type-A behavior was associated with increased cardiovascular (heart rate or blood pressure) reactivity, whereas anxiety, neuroticism, or negative affect was associated with decreased cardiovascular reactivity. General life stress and anxiety, neuroticism, or negative affect were associated with poorer cardiovascular recovery. However, regarding the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system, there were no associations between the chronic psychosocial factors and stress reactivity or recovery. The results largely reflect an integrated stress response pattern of hypo- or hyperactivity depending on the specific nature of the psychosocial background.     

Gender differences in cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to psychological stress in healthy older adult men and women

Gender differences in the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular response to psychological stress may contribute to the gender differences in the prevalence of diseases associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and hypertension. We measured plasma ACTH, cortisol, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) responses in 8 men and 8 women (55-75 years) exposed to the Matt Stress Reactivity Protocol (MSRP), a psychological challenge. The MSRP elicited significant increases in HR, systolic-, and diastolic BP, ACTH and cortisol (all p<0.01). Men had significantly greater cortisol and diastolic BP responses compared to women (p<0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation between the ACTH and cortisol responses was only found in the males (r=0.71, p<0.05). There were no group differences in HR, systolic BP, or ACTH responses. We conclude, that among older adults, men respond to psychological stress with greater increases in cortisol, compared to women. This greater activation of the HPA axis could translate into an elevated risk for CVD, diabetes and hypertension and may be related to the higher prevalence of these diseases in males. Gender differences in brain structures and/or cognitive processes may be responsible for these sexually dimorphic stress responses.     

Adding ‘Flock’ to ‘Fight and Flight’: A Honeycomb of Resilience Where Supply of Relationships Meets Demand for Support

In this article I explain how solidarity can support positive adjustment, collective in nature, where people face chronic, cumulative stress and largely lack resources. I propose that when individuals use relationships as a way to access and mobilise resources, an enabling ecology is configured to foster positive adjustment. Applying a collectivist, transactional-ecological view of resilience I propose Relationship-Resourced Resilience (RRR) as a generative theory to explain how resilience occurs as collective, rather than individual and subjective processes. To do this, I draw on eight years of longitudinal case study data that were generated using a Participatory Reflection and Action (PRA) approach with partnership schools (N = 12, primary = 9, secondary = 3; urban = 9, rural = 3) and teachers (N = 74, female = 63, male = 11). The RRR model posits that, when under threat of chronic stress in a poverty setting, a collective response is to flock (rather than fight or flight). Flock entails a process of alone-standing individuals, experiencing shared and persistent burdens, connecting to access, share, mobilise and sustain use of resources for positive adaptation. RRR extends current resilience views of subjective, individual adjustment to individually reported stress in the direction of resilience as collective experiences of continual stress with subsequent collective positive adaptation.     

Sleep and the affective response to stress and pain.

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined sleep disturbance (i.e., sleep duration, sleep quality) as a correlate of stress reactivity and pain reactivity. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: An ecological momentary assessment design was used to evaluate the psychosocial functioning of men and women with fibromyalgia or rheumatoid arthritis (N=49). Participants recorded numeric ratings of pain, the occurrence of a stressful event, as well as positive and negative affect 7 times throughout the day for 2 consecutive days. In addition, participants reported on their sleep duration and sleep quality each morning. RESULTS: Sleep disruption was not found to be an independent predictor of affect. However, sleep was found to buffer the relationship between stress and negative affect and the relationship between pain and both positive and negative affect. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with a model in which good-quality sleep acts as a biobehavioral resource that minimizes allostatic load.     

中国背景下情绪智力与心理健康关系的元分析

本研究使用元分析的方法探讨了情绪智力与心理健康的关系（包括心理健康症状学指标、感知到的压力、应对方式、社会适应及主观幸福感）,共纳入104篇文献,151个独立样本和75754名被试。结果发现,个体情绪智力与积极应对、社会适应以及主观幸福感呈现显著正相关,与心理健康症状学指标、感知到的压力以及消极应对呈现显著负相关。此外,情绪智力与心理健康的关系受到出版年代、被试年龄、情绪智力理论模型和测量工具的调节作用。结论表明,情绪智力与积极心理健康变量的联系强于与消极心理健康变量的联系,且存在较长时期的稳定性。     

不同心理弹性者的日常情绪特征:结合体验采样研究的证据

结合体验采样法和问卷法,分别考察了从252名上海高校大学生中甄别出的100名高、中、低心理弹性者在日常情绪状态和情绪复杂性、情绪调节方式上的差异态势。结果发现,不同心理弹性大学生:(1)在日常情绪状态上存在差异。高心理弹性组积极情绪的总分、强度和频率都显著高于低弹性组;高心理弹性组的积极情绪在日常情绪构成中所占的比重显著大于中、低弹性组。(2)在情绪复杂性的4个维度有不一致的表现。高心理弹性组拥有更高的积极情绪细腻度,3组在其他维度上没有发现差异。(3)积极情绪调节中,高心理弹性组多采用宣泄而少用抑制策略;消极情绪调节中,低心理弹性组多采用认知重视调节。这提示,积极情绪是与个体适应发展密切相关的内部因素,也是促进心理弹性发展的重要资源,个体对积极情绪的体验和觉察对心理弹性有重要影响。针对情绪觉察与调节的指导训练有望提升个体心理弹性。     

Positive affect mediates the relationships between resilience,social support and posttraumatic growth of women with infertility

This study aims to explore the relationship between resilience, social support, positive affect and posttraumatic growth among Chinese women with infertility, and to examine the mediating role of positive affect. A convenience sample of 1733 women diagnosed with infertility was recruited from the infertility outpatient clinics at three reproductive hospitals in Shandong Province of China between May 2015 and April 2016. They completed a background questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Individuals reported high levels of PTG (M = 64.81; SD = 16.20). Perceived social support (β = .11, p < .001), resilience (β = .18, p < .001) and positive affect (β = .46, p < .001) were related to PTG. Positive affect may play a mediating role in the relationships between resilience (.125, .201, p < .001), social support (.055, .121, p < .001) and PTG. This study examines the effects of resilience, social support, and positive affect on PTG among Chinese infertile women. Wherein, positive affect may play a mediating role in the relationships between resilience, social support and PTG.