城市老年人社会支持网络与生活满意度的研究

本研究采用自编的社会支持网络调查表对上海市96位老人进行了调查，试图了解城市老年人社会支持的基本情况及其对生活满意度的影响。结果表明：（1）城市老年人社会支持网络得分为85．87±8．56（x±s）；（2）社会支持网络得分与生活满意度之间存在极其显著的正相关；（3）在各因素水平中，社会机构的支持对老年人生活满意度的影响最大，子女支持的影响次之，配偶支持的影响最小；情感支持的影响作用大于认知支持和行为支持。     

老年人孝顺期待与亲子间的社会支持

老年人的孝顺期待是老年父母对成年子女孝顺的期望程度。本研究通过对288名老年人的调查,探讨了老年人孝顺期待的相关因素以及孝顺期待与老年人亲子间社会支持的关系。研究发现：(1)当前老年人孝顺期待与居住地区之间有显著的关系。城镇老年人孝顺期待水平显著高于农村老年人;(2)当前老年人孝顺期待与老年人接受子女社会支持的各个维度普遍存在显著的正相关关系。回归分析表明孝顺期待能够显著地预测老年人接受子女的社会支持。     

老年人重要社会支持的特点及其与老化态度的关系

采用重要他人和老化态度问卷测查了441名老年人的社会支持和老化态度情况,并且从支持的数量和质量角度以及实际支持和期望支持的角度细致考察了社会支持与老化态度的关系。结果表明：（1）老年人的支持来源符合社会支持层级模式;（2）性别、年龄及受教育水平对老年人社会支持有显著影响;（3）老年人从重要他人那里获得的实际社会支持的质量越高,老化态度越积极。     

惠州市小金口镇居民主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素

本研究旨在探讨小金口镇居民主观幸福感的特点及其影响因素。抽取小金口镇125名18岁以上的成年人,采用《中国城市居民主观幸福感量表简本》和似会支持评量表》,测量他们的主观幸福感水平和影响因素。调查结果显示：（1）居民总体主观幸福感、目标价值维度和身体健康维度在健康状况上存在显著差异;（2）家庭经济收入、受教育程度和婚姻状况对居民总体主观幸福感的影响不显著,但是在具体维度上存在显著差异;（3）居民总体主观幸福感与社会支持及其各个维度正相关,进一步的回归分析表明,对支持的利用度对主观幸福感的预测力最大,客观支持对主观幸福感的预测作用不显著。     

大学生自尊与社会支持的关系

采用自编的《大学生社会支持问卷》和自尊量表（SES）调查了370名大学生,考察其自尊与社会支持的关系。结果表明：来自城市的大学生自尊水平显著高于来自乡镇的大学生;女大学生的社会支持显著高于男生,大学二年级学生的社会支持显著低于大学三、四年级的学生;大学生自尊与社会支持的结构（同学朋友支持,家人支持,恋人支持,老师支持）、性质（情感支持,陪伴支持,物质支持,信息支持）和评价（满意程度）各个维度均呈显著的正相关;社会支持、情感支持、同学朋友支持对大学生自尊具有正向预测作用;自尊高的大学生在社会支持各维度上的得分均显著高于自尊低的大学生。     

留守儿童心理韧性的元分析

采用元分析的方法,探讨留守儿童与一般儿童心理韧性的差异及其调节变量。通过文献检索,共获得25篇文献和188个独立效应量（n=26784）。结果表明：留守儿童心理韧性显著低于一般儿童;具体来说,他们在积极认知、社会能力、家庭支持、家庭平等与自主、人际协助、教师关怀与同伴高期望维度上均显著低于一般儿童,而在同伴亲密关系维度上显著高于一般儿童。此外,人口学变量（性别、学龄段）和留守相关变量（打工者、监护者、团聚频率）影响留守儿童与一般儿童心理韧性的差异,测量工具不影响该差异。     

1996至2015年中国老年人社会支持的变迁:一项横断历史研究

本研究对1996至2015年间85篇采用社会支持评定量表（SSRS）测量我国老年人（共43302名被试）社会支持的研究报告进行了横断历史元分析,以考察老年人社会支持水平随年代的变化情况。结果表明：（1）近20年,我国老年人的社会支持水平整体呈逐年下降趋势,社会支持总分、客观支持和对支持的利用度因子均与年代有显著负相关,主观支持因子与年代的相关不显著;（2）男性和女性老年人主观支持与年代均有显著正相关,其他因子均与年代没有显著相关,同时在社会支持水平上没有显著性别差异;（3）东部地区老年人主观支持与年代呈显著正相关,其他地区老年人社会支持总分、客观支持和对支持的利用度因子均与年代呈显著负相关。     

初中生社会支持的类型及对学习的影响

利用潜在剖面分析法和辨别分析法对374名初中生社会支持的类型进行考察,探讨不同社会支持类型初中生的特点,分析社会支持类型对学习动机、学习策略、成绩的影响。结果表明：（1）初中生社会支持分为亲密无间型、若即若离型和家庭疏远型3种。（2）亲密无间型初中生的社会支持最高,家庭疏远型初中生的社会支持尤其是家庭支持最低,而若即若离型初中生的社会支持处于亲密无间型和家庭疏远型之间。（3）社会支持类型对学习动机、学习策略、成绩有显著影响。     

城市独生子女与父母的居住关系

本文利用2008年对全国五大城市1216对已婚青年夫妻的调查数据,对子女性别、子女婚姻类型与父母居住方式之间的关系进行了初步探讨.结果表明,已婚独生子女的父母单独居住的比例高于同龄非独生子女父母25%;同时,已婚子女的独生子女身份、已婚子女的性别以及子女婚配的对象是不是独生子女等因素同样对父母的居住方式有着显著的影响.     

初中生的社会支持与人格的关系

采用问卷法对432名初中生主观感知的社会支持、外界提供的社会支持与人格之间的关系进行研究,结果表明：（1）在大多数维度上,主观感知的社会支持与外界提供的相应支持及人格有显著的正相关。（2）人格类型不同的初中生主观感知的社会支持有显著差异。（3）人格的谨慎性和开放性、外界提供的社会支持对主观感知的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用;谨慎性和外向性对外界提供的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用。     

Mental Illness and Mental Health: The Two Continua Model Across the Lifespan

Mental health has long been defined as the absence of psychopathologies, such as depression and anxiety. The absence of mental illness, however, is a minimal outcome from a psychological perspective on lifespan development. This article therefore focuses on mental illness as well as on three core components of positive mental health: feelings of happiness and satisfaction with life (emotional well-being), positive individual functioning in terms of self-realization (psychological well-being), and positive societal functioning in terms of being of social value (social well-being). The two continua model holds that mental illness and mental health are related but distinct dimensions. This model was studied on the basis of a cross-sectional representative internet survey of Dutch adults (N = 1,340; 18–87 years). Mental illness was measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory and mental health with the Mental Health Continuum Short Form. It was found that older adults, except for the oldest-old, scored lower on psychopathological symptoms and were less likely to be mentally ill than younger adults. Although there were fewer age differences for mental health, older adults experienced more emotional, similar social and slightly lower psychological well-being. In sum, today’s older adults have fewer mental illness problems, but they are not in a better positive mental health than today’s younger adults. These findings support the validity of the two continua model in adult development.     

Psychological and socioeconomic health of community‐dwelling older adults

Different dimensions of health are intertwined. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate the psychological and socioeconomic health status of community‐dwelling older adults in Taiwan, and (2) to compare the psychological and socioeconomic health differences among people of different age groups, gender, marital status, and exercise habits. Using stratified random sampling, 384 Taiwanese community‐dwelling older adults were recruited for this survey research. Based on the Health Model of Older Adults, seven constructs were measured: (1) psychological health: sleep quality, emotional health, cognitive functioning, and health promotion behaviors; (2) socioeconomic health: social engagement, social support, and financial status. Results showed that most participants were in a good state of psychological and socioeconomic health, except that 38.02% of them suffered from sleep disruptions, and the majority of them were not involved in any social group, nor engaged in any volunteer work. Young‐old older adults had better psychological and socioeconomic health than middle‐old and old‐old older adults. Male older adults had better psychological health than female older adults; however, they had less social engagement and social support than female older adults. Married older adults and exercisers performed better in most of the psychological and socioeconomic health indicators than single/widowed older adults and non‐exercisers.     

Stress and Social Support in Parents whose Children are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Carriers: A Comparison of Three Groups in Guangzhou

The present study compared the moderating effect of social support on parental stress variables and mental health among three groups of parents: parents of HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) children who attended the special health kindergarten, parents of HBV children who stayed at home, and parents of healthy children who attended the ordinary kindergarten. These families resided in the city of Guangzhou. A set of questionnaires measuring parental stress and social support were given to the mothers after a one-hour interview. Results showed that parents of HBV children were significantly more stressed and psychologically at risk than parents of healthy children. They also sought help from social resources more often than the parents of healthy children. Parents of healthy children who attended the ordinary kindergarten reported the highest levels of overall social support, i.e. the number of very close friends and relatives with whom they could form close emotional attachments. Although they reported a lower number of acquaintances available, they also reported the most satisfactory relationships with the support provided by their acquaintances, lower levels of stress, fewer somatic problems, more adequate general health, and more perceived meaning in life than did parents of HBV children, and social support is one of the main influences on stress or parental health. The findings call for further research to focus on parents' well-being and social support that is helpful in addressing the needs of the family.     

Adaption-Innovation and Self-Esteem

Abstract

Psychosocial factors that may influence subjective well-being were examined. A random sample of 581 Chinese adults living in a metropolitan Taiwanese city completed questionnaires concerning demographic variables, personality traits, life stress, and social support. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that (a) extraversion and social support were related to better mental health, whereas neuroticism and stress were related to poorer mental health; (b) older age, better education, and social support were related to higher life satisfaction, whereas neuroticism and stress were related to lower life satisfaction; and (c) older age, extraversion, and social support were related to higher happiness, whereas neuroticism was related to lower happiness.     

Satisfaction with social support and depressive symptoms: a panel analysis

The literature suggests that persons who are dissatisfied with the amount of social support that has been provided to them may subsequently suffer from psychological disorder. At the same time, there is evidence that individuals who initially suffer from emotional disorder may consequently be less satisfied with their social support systems than may persons who enjoy better mental health. The purpose of this study was to test these competing hypotheses with panel data from a community survey of older adults. The findings indicate that changes in satisfaction with support tend to precede changes in depressive symptoms. A number of issues in the analysis of longitudinal data are discussed.     

The “Own” and the “Wise”: Does Stigma Status Buffer or Exacerbate Social Rejection of College Students with a Mental Illness?

Applying Goffman’s stigma-status framework and using data from a survey administered to college students (N = 556), we find that respondents who have been diagnosed with a mental illness (the “own”) or who know a family member or friend with a mental illness diagnosis (the “wise”) express lower desired social distance from persons with a mental illness than other respondents (“normals”). Also, informally labeling symptoms as “mental illness” reduced social distance among those similarly diagnosed. However, perceived dangerousness did not vary across stigma status, and the socially-distancing effects of perceived dangerousness were more pronounced among the “own.”     

Stigma of mental illness,religious change,and explanatory models of mental illness among Jewish patients at a mental-health clinic in North Jerusalem

During 3 months in 2004, 38 recent referrals to a Community Mental Health Clinic in North Jerusalem, a substantially Ultra-Orthodox Jewish neighborhood, were evaluated by the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue. This questionnaire, which includes a 13-item scale measuring stigma towards mental illness, was adapted and translated into Hebrew. Patients with a more religious upbringing expressed a greater sense of stigma towards mental illness; however, patients who now had a more religious affiliation did not. The 14 patients who had experienced a religious change toward a more religious affiliation reported a lower level of stigma than the 24 non-returnees. Even when controlling for religious upbringing, the partial correlation between stigma score and religious change was significant. Stigma was lower among younger but not older returnees. Findings from this study support the hypothesis that a stigma of mental illness may be a deterrent to the use of a public mental-health clinic for religious Jews in Israel. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish patients (especially non-Hasidic) used a nonreligious explanatory model (perception and understanding) of mental illness more often than a religious explanatory model. This last finding could reflect a shift in the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities from a religious to a more medical and psychological explanatory model.     

Aging and the misinformation effect: a neuropsychological analysis

Older adults' susceptibility to misinformation in an eyewitness memory paradigm was examined in two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that older adults are more susceptible to interfering misinformation than are younger adults on two different tests (old-new recognition and source monitoring). Experiment 2 examined the extent to which processes associated with frontal lobe functioning underlie older adults' source-monitoring difficulties. Older adults with lower frontal-lobe-functioning scores on neuropsychological tests were particularly susceptible to false memories in the misinformation paradigm. The authors' results agree with data from other false memory paradigms that show greater false recollections in older adults, especially in those who scored poorly on frontal tests. The results support a source-monitoring account of aging and illusory recollection.     

Differential social support and life change as contributors to the social class-distress relationship in older adults

Four hypotheses previously put forth to explain the strong association between social class and mental health in the general population were examined in 1,326 older adults (55 years and older). Respondents were interviewed 3 times at 6-month intervals. Lower class was associated with more past life changes (occurring before Wave 1) and more subsequent life events (occurring between Waves 1 and 3); these changes were predictive of distress, supporting the differential exposure hypothesis. Lower class was associated with weaker social support (embeddedness), which was related to distress, supporting the resource deterrent hypothesis. There was little evidence that people of the lower classes were more vulnerable to stress or that their status was due to their weaker social support; thus, the differential vulnerability and applied buffering hypotheses were not consistently supported. Social support does appear to be a versatile resource for older adults. A significant portion of the class-distress relationship was not accounted for by life change, social support, or the interaction between these factors.