康德哲学与企业文化

本文分析了中国当前企业文化的三种类型即官商、儒商和佛商,指出佛商流行于华南一带,是目前最有生机活力的一种企业文化,但这种生机活力是由于解构一切规范带来的,具有投机性,不具有积极建设性,对市场经济规律没有自觉意识,尤其对于赚钱的目的性不明确,背后受本能欲望的支配;康德哲学和西方基督教文化在这方面的启示是能够提供一种终极关怀,实践理性的道德自律为人的生存指明了一种理想目标。因此,当代企业文化的发展前景依赖于个人自由意志的确立和建立理性的规范,赚钱的目的应归结到完成自由人格。     

A Radically Orthodox Reformer: J. G. Hamann as a Metacritic of Enlightenment and Secularization

The purpose of this article is to shed light on the mysterious figure of J. G. Hamann and to distill his chief contributions to modern theology. To this end it begins with the puzzling question of his style, which, far from being incidental, leads directly into the core concerns of his authorship. Subsequent sections examine his theological aesthetics, which was appropriated by Hans Urs von Balthasar, and his metacritique of secular reason, which has been appropriated in the English‐speaking world most notably by John Milbank and theologians associated with Radical Orthodoxy. It concludes with a brief portrait of Hamann as an ecumenical sign for the times.     

作为第一哲学的超越论现象学

胡塞尔将他的超越论的现象学哲学称作"第一哲学",强调它是一种由最终根源奠立的普通科学的开端和基础,它正是要研究那些最初的、自身包含一切存在与真理之起源的东西,即超越论的主观性.一切真正的科学都必须从这种科学中寻求它们的全部基本概念和原理的、它们的一切方法的、一切其他原则的最后来源.胡塞尔通过对哲学史的考察表明,这一思想也是贯穿于数千年哲学史中的统一动机,并且已在历史上取得了值得重视的成就.胡塞尔所提出的现象学还原的方法,正是要揭示这种超越论主观性的领域.他称这种方法是一种全新的反思方法,是彻底的纯粹的对自身的思考,是完全不同于自然态度的"非自然的"态度.但是胡塞尔在这里提供的不仅是现象学还原的"方法",而且同时还提供了一种有关现象学还原的"现象学",即现象学还原的"理论".     

Rousseau's Descartes: The Rejection of Theoretical Philosophy as First Philosophy

Rousseau's Savoyard Vicar makes creative use of Descartes's meditative method by applying it to practical life. This ‘misuse’ of the Cartesian method highlights the limits of the thinking thing as a ground for morality. Taking practical philosophy as first philosophy, the Vicar finds bedrock certainty of the self as an agent in the world and of moral truths while distancing himself from Cartesian positions on the distinction, union and interaction of mind and body. Rousseau's Moral Letters harmonize with the Vicar's view. Descartes would reject the Vicar's appropriation, as real-life problems cannot wait on meditation to answer them.     

康德历史哲学的基础

作者认为,康德历史形而上学的意义不次于《纯粹理性批判》在其自身领域的重要性,它将哲学问题由存在领域转向义务领域。普遍世界历史观采用的是先验方法,与目的论联系在一起,体现出大自然的计划。如果说康德伦理学追求个体的自由及其道德独立性,那么其历史哲学则强调人类只有通过社会这个媒介,才能实现其真正的道德任务。人类自身的二重性构成康德历史哲学的本质,也是历史与社会发展的动力,由此决定了社会政治的真正任务,由此方显启蒙运动的真正意义。     

康德道德哲学思想的起源和理论转向

对于康德前批判和批判时期的分界问题直接导致对其道德哲学思想转向的定位.至少早在18世纪60年代,康德的反思活动就已经奠定了其理论发展的基本方向.经过60到70年代20多年的沉潜,我们发现康德的思想在主要的方面基本已经构筑起未来哲学的大厦,道德哲学也不例外.因此简单地从表面上对康德哲学思想的发展过程进行分期只具有形式的意义,而无实质的意义.     

权利与启蒙——康德对革命的双重拒斥

康德对政治革命的坚决拒斥虽然在康德研究中屡遭诟病,但这一立场并不能简单归结为他对当时的政治现实的妥协,而是有其深思熟虑的理由。康德的学说中实际上包含着对革命的双重拒斥,即基于权利概念的拒斥和基于政治实践的拒斥。在法哲学的层面,康德从权利论证的角度指明了所谓的积极抵抗权不可能在理论上得到辩护,其在逻辑上将消解作为一切权利的现实性的基础的政治共同体的存在,因此与权利的概念相矛盾。而在政治哲学的层面,康德则论证了通过暴力革命往往不能如革命者所期待的那样建立起全新的理想秩序,因为革命并不能直接带来人的启蒙,而后者恰恰是制度的持续革新与良序运行所必需的条件。     

朱熹与康德道德哲学契合之探寻

朱熹与康德作为中西方最重要的哲学家,对道德的思考有着一定的相似性.他们都试图通过把握一个超验概念进而展开他们的道德哲学;认为道德法则在本质上是先验、普遍与绝对的;个人的幸福和欲望应从属于普遍的道德法则,主张道德自律;坚持道义优先,拒绝对道德进行功利主义的理解.但是由于两种道德哲学的根本价值指向不同,结果也导致了两种理论的不同遭遇和命运.     

Hegel on Space: A Critique of Kant's Transcendental Philosophy

This paper considers Hegel's views on space and his account of Kant's theory of space. I show that Hegel's discussions of space exhibit a deep understanding of Kant's apriority argument in the first Critique , commit him to the central premise of that argument, and separate his concerns from the familiar problem of the neglected alternative. Nevertheless, Hegel makes two objections to Kant's theory of space. First, he argues that the theory is internally inconsistent insofar as Kant's identification of space with an a priori intuition is incompatible with the doctrine of productive imagination in the transcendental deduction of the categories. Second, Hegel argues that the apriority argument is insufficiently critical insofar as it relies upon an unexamined theory of subjectivity as a set of representational capacities. I conclude by outlining Hegel's strategy for undermining the assumptions concerning subjectivity that give form to Kant's transcendental philosophy. Because Hegel's positive views on space depend upon his articulation of an alternate notion of subjectivity, the account of Hegel's position on space offered here remains incomplete. On the other hand, considering Hegel's discussions of space demonstrates both the nature and the importance of his examination of subjectivity in the Phenomenology.     

康德哲学与传统人文科学的“出路”

康德哲学的使命不仅在于为知识奠定基础,而且更在于确立人的自由:他为知识奠基的工作,同时也是划定知识界限的工作,从而为人的自在-自由的存在留下了位置.如果说康德在《纯粹理性批判》里是通过为知识奠基而划定知识的界限来为自由辩护,那么,在《实践理性批判》里则通过回答一切法则如何可能来确立与论证自由的绝对性.自由的绝对性使得自由法则成为一切人文科学必须奠定其上的基础.     

Naturalistic and Transcendental Moments in Kant's Moral Philosophy

During the 1760s and 1770s, Kant entertained a naturalistic approach to ethics based on the supposed psychological fact of a human love for freedom. During the critical period, especially in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant clearly rejected such an approach. But his attempt at a metaphysical foundation for ethics in section III of the Groundwork was equally clearly a failure. Kant recognized this in his appeal to the “fact of reason” argument in the Critique of Practical Reason, but thereby gave up on any attempt to ground the fundamental principle of morality at all. So it is of interest to see how far we might now proceed along the lines of his original naturalistic approach.