亲子依恋和祖孙依恋的一致与不一致和儿童主观幸福感的关系

为检验亲隔代协同教养家庭中亲子依恋和祖孙依恋质量的一致与不一致对儿童主观幸福感(包括生活满意度、积极情感和消极情感)的影响，本研究采用亲子依恋和祖孙依恋问卷、主观幸福感量表对178个亲隔代协同教养家庭的儿童进行调查，响应面分析发现：(1)拥有一致高质量亲子依恋和祖孙依恋关系的儿童主观幸福感水平更高；(2)亲子依恋与祖孙依恋质量不一致时，亲子依恋质量高于祖孙依恋质量的儿童生活满意度更高，且高质量亲子依恋或祖孙依恋均能提升儿童积极情感。本研究加深了多重依恋对儿童发展的理解，也提示在亲隔代协同教养家庭中可以从依恋入手促进儿童心理健康的发展。     

小学高年级儿童亲子依恋的发展及其与同伴交往的关系

以武汉市三所普通小学四、五、六年级的505名学生为被试,用问卷调查、团体施测的方式,探讨亲子依恋与其同伴交往的关系,结果发现:儿童的母—子依恋安全性得分和对父母的信赖有显著年级差异,表现为随着年级的增长而下降,同时母—子依恋安全性得分显著高于父—子依恋;在儿童友谊质量、社交焦虑方面,父、母均有影响,在社会交往行为表现及好朋友提名分方面母亲的作用也是显见的;与双亲建立了双重安全依恋型的儿童获益最大,双重非安全依恋型的儿童损失最惨重。     

学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋对执行功能的影响:祖孙依恋的调节作用和中介作用

本研究探究了学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋、祖孙依恋与执行功能之间的关系,并进一步分析了祖孙依恋的调节作用和中介作用。对155名南昌市农村地区的学龄前留守儿童及其父母亲和（外）祖父母进行研究,研究工具包括亲子依恋量表（Waters Attachment Q-sort Items）和执行功能任务组。结果表明：（1）学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋与祖孙依恋、执行功能子成分抑制控制呈显著正相关,祖孙依恋与执行功能子成分抑制控制和认知灵活性呈显著正相关;（2）祖孙依恋在亲子依恋对学龄前留守儿童执行功能子成分抑制控制的影响之间存在调节效应;（3）祖孙依恋在亲子依恋对学龄前留守儿童执行功能子成分抑制控制和认知灵活性的影响之间存在中介效应。结论是可通过改善亲子依恋和祖孙依恋的质量来促进儿童执行功能的发展。     

亲子依恋质量的影响因素及启示

依恋是儿童早期生活中最重要的社会关系,也是个体社会性发展的开端和组成部分。依恋对个体的发展有着重要的意义,早期安全的依恋关系不仅有利于儿童身心的健康发展以及社会化的顺利进行,而且直接影响个体成长过程中的人格完善。探讨亲子依恋质量的影响因素,一直是依恋研究的核心之一。结合已有研究以及最新的研究进展,论述了影响亲子依恋质量的主要因素：主要抚养者的抚养质量、人格特点、婚恋依恋风格,儿童的自身特征,家庭和社会文化环境;并在此基础上结合相关研究提出了一些建立安全型亲子依恋的生活启示。     

亲子依恋和师生关系对留守儿童内化问题的影响：同伴依恋的中介作用

为探究亲子依恋和师生关系对留守儿童内化问题的延时影响及同伴依恋在其中的中介作用,采用亲子依恋问卷、同伴依恋问卷、师生关系量表及长处与困难问卷对604名小学三年级留守儿童进行间隔半年的两次问卷调查。结果表明：师生关系负向预测留守儿童内化问题,父子依恋和母子依恋对内化问题的预测均不显著;同伴依恋在亲子依恋和师生关系与留守儿童内化问题之间均起中介作用。     

儿童中期亲子依恋与焦虑症状的交叉滞后分析

以Kerns依恋安全性量表、Spence儿童焦虑量表为研究工具,对2所普通小学的472名三年级学生进行为期1年的追踪,考察儿童中期亲子依恋和焦虑症状的发展变化,以及亲子依恋与焦虑症状之间的关系。结果发现:(1)儿童中期的亲子依恋和焦虑症状在1年内较为稳定,分离焦虑、社交恐惧、恐慌障碍和强迫冲动障碍表现出一定的发展变化。(2)亲子依恋与焦虑症状呈显著负相关,依恋越安全,儿童的焦虑水平越低。(3)交叉滞后分析显示,亲子依恋在更大程度上影响儿童焦虑;母子依恋只具有同时性的影响,父子依恋既有同时性也有继时性的影响。(4)安全型父子依恋能够有效缓解不安全母子依恋的消极影响,安全型母子依恋对不安全父子依恋的补偿作用较小。     

农村留守儿童安全感及其影响因素初探

目的:从亲子关系的角度来研究留守儿童的安全感状况及其影响因素对进一步认识留守儿童问题发生发展的心理规律有重要意义。方法:采用调查法,选取湖南、广西、四川、云南四省共660名农村初中学生被试进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷573份。结果:留守儿童与非留守儿童在安全感与亲子依恋安全性上均有显著差异;一年中亲子相处的时间,替代养育方式,分离时间对留守儿童安全感及亲子依恋安全性的发展有着显著的交互影响;亲子依恋安全性对留守儿童安全感具有一定的预测性。     

母亲将心比心与儿童创造力潜能：依恋的调节作用

本研究考察学步儿期母亲将心比心和亲子依恋安全性与学龄前儿童创造力潜能的关系。参与者为92个家庭,儿童14个月时编码亲子依恋安全性,25个月时编码母亲将心比心,61个月时考察儿童创造力潜能。结果发现,将心比心与创造力潜能正相关;依恋安全性调节将心比心及愿望和认知状态评论与创造力潜能的相关,正相关关系仅出现在依恋安全性较低的亲子对。故本研究表明母亲将心比心对提升依恋安全性较低儿童的创造力潜能有更突出的作用。     

流动儿童的亲子依恋与其城市适应的关系:心理韧性的中介作用

本研究旨在探讨流动儿童的亲子依恋与城市适应的关系,并探讨心理韧性在其中是否起到了中介作用。采用城市适应问卷、亲子依恋问卷、心理韧性量表,对北京市3所小学三到六年级的665名流动儿童进行了调查。经分析发现：（1）女生、低年级、父母教育水平高、公立学校、未转学的流动儿童能更好地城市适应;（2）亲子依恋、城市适应和心理韧性各维度两两相关;（3）亲子依恋中的自我模型和父母模型对城市适应均有直接预测效应。亲子依恋中的自我模型通过心理韧性进而间接影响城市适应;亲子依恋中的父母模型通过心理韧性进而间接影响城市适应;亲子依恋中的自我模型和父母模型可以共同通过心理韧性进而间接影响城市适应;心理韧性在其中均起到显著的部分中介作用。总的来说,亲子依恋可以直接影响城市适应,也可以通过心理韧性的中介作用间接影响城市适应。     

留守儿童亲子依恋与情绪健康的关系:情绪调节能力的中介和家庭功能的调节

对557名留守儿童的亲子依恋、情绪调节能力、家庭功能及情绪健康进行测查,考察亲子依恋与留守儿童情绪健康之间关系的内在机制。结果表明,留守儿童亲子依恋能显著正向预测情绪健康,情绪调节能力起部分中介作用,家庭功能对情绪调节能力的中介作用有显著的调节效应。     

Prospective effects of interparental conflict on child attachment security and the moderating role of parents' romantic attachment.

This study investigated the impact of parents' observed conflict behavior on subsequent child attachment security, both as a main effect and as moderated by parents' romantic attachment. Participants were 80 heterosexual couples involving men from the Oregon Youth Study and their first-born children. The authors used hierarchical linear modeling to predict child security with each parent. Interparental psychological aggression predicted lower child security with father, regardless of romantic attachment. If the father was insecure, interparental positive engagement predicted lower child security with him. If either the mother or father was avoidant, interparental withdrawal did not predict lower child security, though it did for more secure parents. Results are discussed in terms of implications of attachment-(in)congruent behavior for parents' emotional availability.     

Observers' reaction to parent-child intimacy

A study was carried out to examine how people react to acts of intimacy between parent and child. Based on an extensive series of studies reported in 1998 by Reis who found less intimate interactions between two men who are friends than between men or women or between two women who are friends, it was reasoned that intimacy between two males may violate norms of our culture, so it was predicted that people would react less favorably to intimacy between father and son than to intimacy between father and daughter, mother and daughter, or mother and son. Men (n = 19) and women (n=26), most of whom were 18-24 years of age, read versions of a mother or father having an intimate interaction (lap-sit, hair-stroke, hug/kiss) with an 11-yr.-old daughter or son and then rated the act on a 7-point scale from good to bad. As predicted, the undergraduates rated intimate interactions between father and son less favorably than those between father and daughter, mother and daughter, and mother and son.     

Parental attachment,romantic competence,relationship satisfaction,and psychosocial adjustment in emerging adulthood

Research has found significant relations between attachment to parents and psychosocial adjustment. This study explored parental attachment and psychosocial adjustment during emerging adulthood with romantic competence and relationship satisfaction as mediators. In a sample of 188 emerging adult college students, results revealed that mother and father attachment uniquely predicted greater life satisfaction and less distress. Regression analyses showed that romantic competence predicted better psychosocial adjustment, controlling for attachment style and mutuality, and significantly mediated, along with relationship satisfaction, the link between mother attachment and psychosocial adjustment. Additionally, patterns of secure parental attachment, when compared with avoidant or ambivalent attachment, were associated with better psychosocial adjustment. Clearly, secure attachment provides a template for successful romantic relationship development and thereby contributes to greater psychosocial adjustment.     

Exploration of the links among fathers' unresolved states of mind with respect to attachment,atypical paternal behavior,and disorganized infant–father attachment

Atypical maternal behavior has consistently been identified as a precursor of disorganized infant–mother attachment, but to date, no research has examined the role of atypical paternal behavior in the development of disorganized infant–father attachment. This study aims to enhance our understanding and conceptualization of infant–father attachment by examining the role of fathers' unresolved states of mind and the display of atypical paternal behavior in the development of disorganized infant–father attachment. Thirty‐one middle‐class couples participated in this study. Maternal and paternal Adult Attachment Interviews (C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1996 ) were completed prenatally and at infant age 6 months, respectively. Infant–mother and infant–father dyads participated in the Strange Situation paradigm (M. Ainsworth, M. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978 ) when the infants were 12 and 18 months of age, respectively. The Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (E. Bronfman, E. Parsons, & K. Lyons‐Ruth, 1999 ) was used to assess maternal and paternal behavior during the Strange Situation. Maternal states of mind regarding attachment predicted infant–mother attachment relationships, and paternal states of mind predicted infant–father attachment relationships. Atypical maternal behavior was associated with infant–mother disorganized attachment; however, atypical paternal behavior did not predict infant–father disorganized attachment. Thus, it is possible that other factors, yet to be uncovered, might contribute to the development of infant–father disorganized attachment.     

Relationship Between Mother,Father, and Peer Attachment and Empathy With Moral Authority

We explored the relationship between mother, father, and peer attachment security, empathy, and moral authority in order to clarify certain problems of previous empirical research on such relationships. A sample of 202 Persian-speaking undergraduate students completed questionnaires pertaining to these constructs. The results revealed that mother and father attachment were significantly correlated with family, society welfare, and equality sources of moral authority, whereas peer attachment security was related only to society welfare and equality sources of moral authority. Out of the empathy subscales, only empathic concern was associated with moral authority sources. Empathic concern was also related to mother, father, and peer attachment, whereas perspective taking was correlated with mother and peer attachment. The combination of empathic concern and mother, father, and peer attachment predicted significant amount of variance of “principle source of moral authority” (including society welfare and equality sources). Findings support existence of a strong relationship between attachment security and the content of moral thought of adolescents, and findings redress an empirical imbalance in research literature on the relation of attachment and morality.     

Within-person variation in security of attachment: a self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being

Attachment research has traditionally focused on individual differences in global patterns of attachment to important others. The current research instead focuses primarily on within-person variability in attachments across relational partners. It was predicted that within-person variability would be substantial, even among primary attachment figures of mother, father, romantic partner, and best friend. The prediction was supported in three studies. Furthermore, in line with self-determination theory, multilevel modeling and regression analyses showed that, at the relationship level, individuals' experience of fulfillment of the basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness positively predicted overall attachment security, model of self, and model of other. Relations of both attachment and need satisfaction to well-being were also explored.     

初中生抑郁与依恋、自我效能感的关系研究

对929个初中生施测抑郁自评量表,父母和同伴依恋问卷,一般自我效能感量表,以探讨父、母、同伴依恋和一般自我效能感对抑郁的影响模式.结果:(1)父(母)亲依恋、同伴依恋、一般自我效能感均与抑郁呈显著负相关;同伴依恋与父(母)亲依恋呈显著正相关.(2)结构方程模型分析发现:父(母)亲依恋直接影响同伴依恋,父(母)亲依恋和同伴依恋通过一般自我效能感间接影响抑郁,同时父(母)亲依恋和同伴依恋直接作用于抑郁.     

Adult attachment as a predictor of maternal gatekeeping among new parents

This study examined the associations between expectant couples' adult attachment styles and new mothers' gatekeeping (i.e., maternal behaviors that may inhibit or encourage father involvement in parenting) at the transition to parenthood. Data were drawn from a study of 182 different-gender dual-earner couples followed from the third trimester of pregnancy through 3 months postpartum. In the third trimester, expectant parents reported their attachment anxiety and avoidance. At 3 months postpartum, mothers and fathers reported on mothers' gate opening and gate closing behaviors. Also, at 3 months postpartum, maternal gate opening and gate closing were coded during mother–father–infant interactions in play and caregiving. Actor–Partner Interdependence Models were conducted in IBM SPSS AMOS 21.0. Findings indicated that higher maternal anxiety predicted higher mother-reported maternal gate closing, whereas higher paternal avoidance and higher paternal anxiety predicted lower father-reported maternal gate opening. During caregiving, higher paternal anxiety predicted higher observed maternal gate closing, and higher maternal anxiety predicted lower observed maternal gate opening. Findings reveal the importance of attachment in coparenting relationships among new parents, as attachment anxiety and avoidance may shape maternal behaviors encouraging or hindering father involvement in parenting.