Religion, Psychotherapy and the Body-Soul Relationship

The split between body and soul in modern psychology and psychotherapy has Greek origins. The opposition of psyche and soma is Greek, as is the central myth of Oedipus. The present paper offers a Biblical integration of body and soul, focusing on the Hebrew concept of nefesh and the Biblical narrative of the Akedah (i.e., the “binding” of Isaac).     

All Life Is a Circle: Poetry and the Search for My Native American Roots

In this personal essay, which includes five poems, the author uses poetry as a vehicle to recover, connect with, and explore her Native American ancestry. Her mother, who was one-quarter Wampanoag, was raised from age seven by a couple who taught her that Native American ancestry was something to hide. The poems are interwoven with the account of the author's struggle to retrieve a family story that has been intentionally suppressed. In the first poem, the author's connection to her Native American roots is reflected purely through her interest in and reverence for the earth and its creatures, but throughout the article, the connection becomes a progressively more specific bond with a particular ancestor and his tribe. As the author draws closer to identifying her Wampanoag great-grandfather through genealogical research and reaching out to Wampanoag tribes in Massachusetts, she also draws closer to his spirit, and she writes the final poem, “Wampanoag Clambake,” in his voice.     

BINOMIX: A BASIC program for maximum likelihood analyses of finite and beta-binomial mixture distributions

If a discrete random variableY is binomially distributed for each observation unit in a sample, and if the binomial parameterp varies between different units, then the distribution ofY underlying a sample of observations based on different units is called a binomial mixture distribution. BINOMIX is a BASIC program to estimate parameters and to evaluate the goodness of fit for the two most important types of binomial mixtures, finite and beta-binomial.     

Determination of the number of independent parameters of a score matrix from the examination of rank orders

Two ordinal consequences are drawn from the linear multiple-factor analysis model. First, the numberR(s, d) of distinct ways in whichs subjects can be ranked by linear functions ofd factors is limited by the recursive expressionR(s, d)=R(s?1,d)+(s?1)R(s?1,d?1). Second, every setS ofd+2 subjects can be separated into two subsetsS* andS ? S* such that no linear function ofd variables can rank allS* over allS ? S*, and vice versa. When these results are applied to the hypothetical data of Thurstone's “box problem,” three independent parameters are found. Relations to Thurstone's suggestion for a non-correlational factor analysis are discussed.     

Not guppies, nor goldfish, but tumble dryers, Noriega, Jesse Jackson, panties, car crashes, bird books, and Stevie Wonder

This paper focuses on theguppy effect (Osherson & Smith, 1981), that is, on the existence of examples of conjunctive concepts that are more typical of the conjunction than of both constituents. The most frequently given examples of this effect,guppy andgoldfish, are shown not to be more typical of the conjunctionpet fish than offish in two between-subjects and one within-subjects experiment. The frequency of the effect in a large empirical study is investigated, and better examples of the effect are suggested.     

Decidability ofstit theory with a single agent andRefref Equivalence

The purpose of this paper is to prove the decidability ofstit theory (a logic of “seeing to it that”) with a single agent andRefref Equivalence. This result is obtained through an axiomatization of the theory and a proof that it has thefinite model property. A notion ofcompanions to stit formulas is introduced and extensively used in the proof.     

See me,hear me: Using film in health-care classes

This essay argues that film deserves a place within the medical humanities curriculum and demonstrates effective strategies for employing it within medical ethics and humanities classrooms. Part One of the article emphasizes how and why medical ethics teachers can utilize documentary and fictional films, such as “Thomas Szasz and the Myth of Mental Illness,” “The Deadly Deception,”Whose Life Is It Anyway? and “Voices From the Front” in their courses. Such films encourage students to move beyond abstract debates and confront the human pain inherent in all ethical dilemmas. Part Two focuses on documentary and fiction film in the medical humanities classroom. In this section, the author details how to incorporates films, such asThe Doctor, The Waterdance andHospital, into the humanities classroom, juxtaposing them with various literary works, such asOther Women's Children, Borrowed Time, andCeremony. Part Three of the essay presents a detailed discussion ofThe Elephant Man andFrankenstein, illustrating how visual and literary texts compliment each other within the humanities classroom. Overall, the author demonstrates how films function as engaging and complex visual texts providing unique insights in the particularities of American health care and, as such, can become valuable components within medical ethics and humanities classrooms.     

Response competition effects insame-different judgments

An account ofsame-different discriminations that is based upon a continuous-flow model of visual information processing (C. W. Eriksen & Schultz, 1979) and response competition and inhibition between the responses by which the subject signifies his judgment is presented. We show that a response signifyingsame will on the average be executed faster due to less priming or incipient activation of the competing response,different. In the experiment, the subjects matched letters on the basis of physical identity. The degree of priming ofdifferent responses on same trials and ofsame responses ondifferent trials was manipulated by an extraneous noise letter placed in the display. Latency for judgments onsame trials increased as the feature overlap of noise and target letters decreased. Latencies were shorter ondifferent trials when the noise letter was dissimilar to either target letter than when the noise letter was the same as one of the targets. These results were consistent with the response-competition interpretation.     

The degrees of maximality of the intuitionistic propositional logic and of some of its fragments

Professor Ryszard Wójcicki once asked whether the degree of maximality of the consequence operationC determined by the theorems of the intuitionistic propositional logic and the detachment rule for the implication connective is equal to \(2^{2^\aleph 0} \) ? The aim of the present paper is to give the affirmative answer to the question. More exactly, it is proved here that the degree of maximality ofC _Ψ — theΨ — fragment ofC, is equal to \(2^{2^\aleph 0} \) , for every such that → εΨ.     

Estimation of the correlation coefficient in the case of a bivariate normal population when one of the variables is dichotomized

It is shown that the problem of estimation of the correlation coefficient of a bivariate normal population when one of the variables is dichotomized may be attacked with “probit analysis” methods. This represents an extension of the work of Gillman and Goode (3), as it was possible to find by this approach an approximation to the large-sample variance of the resulting estimateG ofρ. An empirical investigation was undertaken with the object of obtaining some information about the distribution ofG for large sample size. Methods for determining the “pass-fail” cut-off are considered.     

Structural aspects of face recognition and the other-race effect

The other-race effect was examined in a series of experiments and simulations that looked at the relationships among observer ratings of typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, memorability, and the performance variables ofd’ and criterion. Experiment 1 replicated the other-race effect with our Caucasian and Japanese stimuli for both Caucasian and Asian observers. In Experiment 2, we collected ratings from Caucasian observers on the faces used in the recognition task. A Varimax-rotated principal components analysis on the rating and performance data for the Caucasian faces replicated Vokey and Read’s (1992) finding that typicality is composed of two orthogonal components, dissociable via their independent relationships to: (1) attractiveness and familiarity ratings and (2) memorahility ratings. For Japanese faces, however, we fond that typicality was related only to memorahility. Where performance measures were concerned, two additional principal components dominated by criterion and byd’ emerged for Caucasian faces. For the Japanese faces, however, the performance measures ofd’ and criterion merged into a single component that represented a second component of typicality, one orthogonal to thememorability-dominated component. A measure offace representation quality extracted from an autoassociative neural network trained with a majority of Caucasian faces and a minority of Japanese faces was incorporated into the principal components analysis. For both Caucasian and Japanese faces, the neural network measure related both to memorability ratings and to human accuracy measures. Combined, the human data and simulation results indicate that the memorahility component of typicality may be related to small, local, distinctive features, whereas the attractiveness/familiarity component may be more related to the global, shape-based properties of the face.     

An adding result in impression formation

Ss were presented with a highly polarized piece of information, followed by a same-signed moderately polarized piece of information, and were asked whether the second piece of information led them to like the person describedmore, less, or just the same. The obtained percentage ofadding responses was 65%; that is, most of the responses indicated that Ss impression of the person described became more polarized following addition of moderately polarized information (p <.001). More adding was obtained for negatively than for positively evaluated adjectives (p <.05).     

Instituting music in the Boston public school curriculum: A classic example of the diffusion of innovation

Music came into American public schools via stages now identified as typical in the diffusion process. Pioneer educator Lowell Mason won acceptance for curricular music in Boston in 1838. His experience exemplifies steps characteristic in the diffusing of educational innovation. American music education owes its acceptance to his skillful handling of factors and processes identified by modern diffusion research. Carol A. Pemberton is the author ofLowell Mason: His Life and Work (1985),Lowell Mason: A Bio-Bibliography (1988), and many articles on music, music education, interdisciplinary studies, and English. Dr. Pemberton teaches English composition at Normandale Community College, Bloomington, Minnesota. Her composition textbook,Practical English, will be published in 1989 by Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown.     

The origins and development of empathy

The idea for this special issue ofMotivation and Emotion grew out of a symposium held at the meeting of the American Association for Advancement of Science, held in New Orleans in February 1990.     

American Psychology of Religion and the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

It is doubtful whether there ever has been a rise‐fall‐rebirth of the psychology of religion. While the claim has marginal merit for American academic psychology, it has little application in other cultures or even within American psychology of religion outside mainstream psychology. The psychology of religion has always been and remains tied to key individuals who sustain the field. This historical fact is important in understanding the role of the JSSR in the field. Early psychologists of religion such as Hall and James set the pattern for two distinctively different approaches to the psychology of religion. Hall's approach was methodologically restrictive, inherently reductive, and came to dominate the academic psychology of religion. James ‘approach was methodological plural, receptive to the evidential force of religious experience, and quickly marginalized within American psychology. These opposing orientation continue to influence the psychology of religion in societies such as the SSR and its journal. A review of the psychologist editors of JSSR illustrates that the psychology of religion remains a marginal interest of mainstream psychology. It survives because of the interdisciplinary nature of the SSSR and its journal.     

Significant category clustering in free recall

Frender and Doubilet suggest that Bousfield's ratio of repetitions (RR) is the best measure of clustering in free recall presently available. Conditioning only on the number of words recalled, they determine the mean ofRR in the absence of clustering. In this note the null variance ofRR is presented. This permits development of conservative significance tests based on the Cramér inequality.     

The effects of the reach to recovery program on the quality of life and rehabilitation of mastectomy patients

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the Reach to Recovery Program of volunteers sponsored by the American Cancer Society. Effectiveness was defined as enhancing the quality of life and rehabilitation of women who had had a mastectomy, through increasing knowledge of rehabilitative procedures, post-surgery activities and level of self-esteem. The investigation was held in twelve community hospitals in Northeastern Massachusetts. Results of the investigation are reported here. It is recommended that post-operative teaching regarding proper management of rehabilitation procedures should be increased and that Reach to Recovery should be available to every woman who has a mastectomy.     

A decision procedure for the systemE (of entailment). I.

A system of natural deduction is presented whose set of theses is identical with that of the systemE of entailment. For that system a decision procedure is described proving the decidability ofE.