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Rolf Gruner 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):151-163
Understanding in its widest sense is the aim of all rational knowledge. A distinction can be made between interpretation (leading to the understanding of meanings) and explanation (leading to the understanding of facts). The view that in the social sciences facts and meanings are the same is criticized. In respect of the specific understanding of human and social facts empathetic and rational understanding are distinguished and some of the difficulties pointed out inherent in both, in particular with regard to testability. On the other hand, it is found that a purely behaviouristic approach, although possible, would not be completely satisfactory, so that in spite of all difficulties the social sciences (history included) cannot do without specific understanding, as a heuristic device as well as an aim. 相似文献
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Understanding and using the history of social psychology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lubek I 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2000,36(4):319-328
Authors in this collection offer both critique and contextualist counterpoint to the standard, "official" histories of the field-successive editions of the Handbook of Social Psychology in 1954, 1968, 1985, and 1998. Unlike mainstream histories, the collected studies do not together constitute a seamless chronicle of continual progress for practitioners in a research area seeking social science status, viability, and legitimacy. Rather the authors focus on choice points, crises, and debates (some still ongoing), pay special heed to non-mainstream branches and voices, question numerous assumptions concerning the interrelationships among social psychological methodology, ontology (Danziger; MacMartin & Winston; Stam, Radtke, & Lubek), boundaries (Good), and individualisms (moral, political, and/or methodological). The specific contributions of Floyd and Gordon Allport are discussed from several perspectives as they helped define and shape and write the history of the field (Lubek & Apfelbaum; Parkovnick; Greenwood; Chung), and bridge it to neighboring areas (personality) and disciplines (psychology and sociology) (Nicholson; Barenbaum; Cherry). The constraints, origin myths, insensitivities, and omissions of standard histories are pointed out (Samelson), some partial correctives are advanced, and a more generative role for future historical studies is suggested. 相似文献
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The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - Inspired by the work of Fonagy (2008) and Dent and Christian (2019), this study applies a form of quantitative textual analysis to 300 terms of... 相似文献
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Executive functions include abilities of goal formation, planning, carrying out goal-directed plans, and effective performance.
This article aims at reviewing some of the current knowledge surrounding executive functioning and presenting the contrasting
views regarding this concept. The neural substrates of the executive system are examined as well as the evolution of executive
functioning, from development to decline. There is clear evidence of the vulnerability of executive functions to the effects
of age over lifespan. The first executive function to emerge in children is the ability to inhibit overlearned behavior and
the last to appear is verbal fluency. Inhibition of irrelevant information seems to decline earlier than set shifting and
verbal fluency during senescence. The sequential progression and decline of these functions has been paralleled with the anatomical
changes of the frontal lobe and its connections with other brain areas. Generalization of the results presented here are limited
due to methodological differences across studies. Analysis of these differences is presented and suggestions for future research
are offered. 相似文献
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BRETT N. STEENBARGER 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1990,68(4):434-437
Trends in professional practice and training have led to a debate concerning the need for an increasing remedial emphasis within the counseling field. Proposals for an integration of the counseling and clinical specialties have been opposed by those arguing that a specialty differentiation captures meaningful differences. This article hypothesizes that the counseling specialty is distinguished by its reliance on a developmental metatheory, which makes unique assumptions regarding distress, change, and the helping process. This metatheory is rooted in a rich theoretical and empirical tradition and has generated innovations in practice that transcend usual remedial forms of helping. It is proposed that the value of developmentalism and the counseling specialty are most evident in the developmental interventions of college counseling. 相似文献
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Antony Payton 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(4):451-477
Identifying the risk factors for individual differences in age-related cognitive ability and decline is amongst the greatest
challenges facing the healthcare of older people. Cognitive impairment caused by “normal ageing” is a major contributor towards
overall cognitive deficit in the elderly and a process that exhibits substantial inter- and intra-individual differences.
Both cognitive ability and its decline with age are influenced by genetic variation that may act independently or via epistasis/gene-environment
interaction. Over the past fourteen years genetic research has aimed to identify the polymorphisms responsible for high cognitive
functioning and successful cognitive ageing. Unfortunately, during this period a bewildering array of contrasting reports
have appeared in the literature that have implicated over 50 genes with effect sizes ranging from 0.1 to 21%. This review
will provide a comprehensive account of the studies performed on cognitively healthy individuals, from the first study conducted
in 1995 to present. Based on current knowledge the strong and weak methodologies will be identified and suggestions for future
study design will be presented. 相似文献
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We appreciate the thoughtful responses we have received on ‘Disclosing New Worlds’. We will respond to the concerns raised by grouping them under three general themes. First, a number of questions arise from lack of clarity about how the matters we undertook to discuss ‐ especially solidarity ‐ appear when one starts by thinking about the primacy of skills and practices. Under this heading we consider (a) whether we need more case studies to make our points, and (b) whether national and other solidarities require willingness to die for the values that produce that solidarity. Second, we take up questions concerning the historical character of the skills of entrepreneurs, virtuous citizens, and culture figures. Here we shall (a) emphasize how we distinguish ourselves from earlier writers on these subjects, (b) consider essentialism, relational identities, and exclusion, (c) answer a number of Habermasian concerns raised by Hoy, (d) speak to Taylor's concern regarding the contingency of solidarity and forgetting, and (e) take up Grant's objection that we are both formalists and relativists. Third, we shall take up the concern, raised mostly by Borgmann, that historical disclosing, that is to say history as the West has known it, is over, and that now all that can be done by those who transform the practices is to make them more and more technological. 相似文献
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Synthese - Philosophers of science and medicine now aspire to provide useful, socially relevant accounts of mechanism. Existing accounts have forged the path by attending to mechanisms in... 相似文献
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Phenomenology's systematic exploration of how a world comes into existence for knowers – knowers who are often conceptualized as individual and ostensibly isolated – requires that it provide some account of the constitution of alterity. In this paper, I address this issue by arguing that we apperceive alterity in terms of the intentionality of behavior. A corollary of this argument is that the apperception of an alter as specifically human is a secondary attribution, following the primary apperception of intention. I further argue that the intentionality of behavior is understood through the projection of a narrative frame, or a “protonarrative,” onto the alter's behavior. I suggest that protonarrativity is the form that experience takes as its ontological condition. Our living is not simply known to us reflectively as protonarrative; rather, experience is lived as protonarrative.This essay is based on a paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee, October 28–30, 2004. 相似文献
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The Psychological Record - As a form of human action, mystical exposition constitutes an aspect of the subject matter of behavior science. Presented for analysis, therefore, is a mystical... 相似文献
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Understanding Metaphors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sam Glucksberg 《Current directions in psychological science》1998,7(2):39-39
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哲学究竟是什么 ?在追问存在的同时 ,哲学总是难以回避这一元哲学意义上的问题。以智慧的追求和探索为指向 ,哲学之思奠基于知和行的过程 ,展开于世界之“在”和人自身存在的内在统一 ,并具体化为对“性与天道”的绵绵沉思。作为对世界总体上的把握 ,哲学试图达到的 ,是真实、具体的存在。在“是什么”、“意味着什么”、“应当成为什么”等追问中 ,哲学从类和个体的层面 ,不断地引导人们走向真、善、美的统一和自由的境界 相似文献