青少年网络游戏体验与网络游戏成瘾的交叉滞后分析

该研究采用青少年网络游戏体验量表和网络游戏成瘾量表,对北京某中学初一、初二、初三和高二年级247名中学生进行为期四个月的追踪研究,考察被试在追踪期间网络游戏成瘾倾向的变化,以及网络游戏体验与网络游戏成瘾的因果关系及其内在心理机制。结果表明:(1)青少年的网络游戏成瘾倾向在追踪研究期间保持相对稳定。(2)网络游戏体验与网络游戏成瘾相关显著。(3)交叉滞后分析结果表明,网络游戏体验是网络游戏成瘾的预测变量。进一步的回归分析表明,网络游戏体验对青少年网络游戏成瘾为同时性的预测。     

学前儿童道德责任意识的发展研究

该文通过个别访谈的方法,考察了96名3～5岁幼儿依据允许性、可变性、权成依赖性以及规则依赖性四种判断标准对同伴、以及成人主人公的道德行为判断及其归因。结果显示,多数学前儿童都能根据不同的判断标准对主人公行为做出符合道德规则的判断,表现出较强的道德责任意识,且这一意识在3～4、5岁之间获得了较为显著的发展,尤其是在权威依赖性标准上。归因分析显示近1／4的幼儿明确采用相应的道德规则对主人公的行为作出解释。这些结果支持认知发展的领域特殊论,揭示出学前儿童很早就发展起来的道德责任,这对当前的道德教育和公民教育实践具有一定启示意义。     

道德金规则的行为学原则分析

不同的伦理学流派对道德问题有不同的观点,但最为基础性的道德问题始终离不开行为学意义上的道德解释;行为学解释是道德解释的出发点和基石,否则对道德问题的讨论就会陷于空泛。道德金规则从人类的共同本性和需求出发,为人的行为设定了准则,从而界定了行为正当性之界限,而这一界限乃是人际法律关系之渊源。道德金规则的两个原则——"无害原则"和"同情原则"是人类"最基本和最高"的法律。人类只要遵守了这两个最基础的行为准则,人类生活就会多些和谐,少些冲突,而这正是人类最基本和最大的道德。     

论道德与市场经济秩序

本文认为 ,道德是市场经济有效运作不可或缺和非常重要的基本秩序要素 ;道德的整序作用 ,不仅表现为它作为相对独立的秩序要素为市场经济运作直接提供日常的和基本的秩序条件 ,而且表现为道德作为正式经济法则的文化母体和基础对市场经济运作起间接调节作用 ;当前中国经济生活中存在的秩序问题 ,并不表明道德是无用的 ,它表明的恰恰是习俗化和大众化的现代商业道德尚未发育成熟 ,其整序作用未能发挥出来。     

网络游戏体验的概念、测量及相关因素

获得愉悦的游戏体验是网络游戏玩家最重要的游戏目的与动机之一。所谓网络游戏体验,是指网络游戏玩家和网络游戏诸要素在一定游戏情境下交互作用产生的认知和情绪反应。本文在网络游戏体验概念界定的基础上,着重介绍了网络游戏体验的结构、类型及测量方法,概述了网络游戏体验的前因和后果变量。文章最后指出,完善网络游戏体验的测量方式、改进网络游戏体验的研究方法、澄清网络游戏体验与网络游戏成瘾的关系、拓展网络游戏体验的应用研究是未来研究的方向。     

老龄道德资源初探

老龄道德资源是老龄道德品质及老龄道德文化成果的总称。老龄道德资源的代际传承是道德辐射与道德内化的统一。其伦理效力在于促进年轻一代的道德社会化,并通过道德资源的资本转化,推动实物资本增值。     

麦基的实践道德选择与道德内在重构——基于休谟道德哲学的理解

休谟道德哲学是否暗含着一种实践道德的倾向引起了众多学者的关注。麦基基于狭义的道德,修正休谟的效用与约定的概念,创造出一种休谟式的实践道德体系。其中,麦基赋予休谟道德哲学的实践认识是否合理,他所建构的规范伦理学体系是否自足,以及如何从当代规则后果主义的视域中审视麦基的贡献与不足等问题仍然值得深入思考。     

九论道德资本 ——企业道德资本类型及其评估指标体系

企业道德资本是企业文化和企业精神的无形资本或精神资本中体现为企业及其员工道德觉悟和德行、道德性制度、"物化德性"等生产性道德资源。企业道德资本有其自身的特点,同时,企业道德资本有其独特的类型和具体的操作性指标。当然,企业类型多样,涉及的具体企业又是千差万别,因此,道德资本评估指标会有差别,需要根据企业的具体生产内容和特点作必要的道德资本内容和表征表达的设计变换。不过,不管什么企业,即使其道德资本评估指标的内容和表征表达方式上因企业不同而不同,但其道德资本评估的主旨理念是一致的。     

阿格妮丝·赫勒的道德理论诉求

阿格妮丝·赫勒在其道德三部曲中,立足于后现代的视角,揭示了现代社会中"好人存在,但好人何以存在"这一中心问题.纵观赫勒的整个道德理论,道德经历了两次结构性变化:作为内部权威的实践智慧(良心)的出现以及如今正在经历的伦理规则内部的具体规则和抽象规则之间的张力,现代偶然性存在的人所依赖的各种道德规则以及实践智慧等方面成为赫勒所强调的重点问题.与康德的先验道德论相比,赫勒的道德理论沿着马克思思想中所蕴含的道德路径前行,其最终诉求在于期待现代社会中个性道德的生成.     

论道德敬畏及其在个体道德生成中的作用

道德敬畏是指人们对道德法则,对善的事物及其社会价值与根源的强烈的崇敬和畏惧的道德情感体验.在人类道德发展史上,人类的道德敬畏大致经历了无知型的道德敬畏、形而上的道德敬畏和理性自觉的道德敬畏三种形态.道德敬畏的指向主要有四种,即敬畏自然、敬畏上帝、敬畏生命和敬畏规则.道德敬畏的功能和作用主要体现在:它是个体道德意识产生的重要的情感因素,是道德信念的重要组成部分和激励道德行为的内在动力.     

The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: an empirical examination of the moral individual

Recognizing limitations in classic cognitive moral development theory, several scholars have drawn from theories of identity to suggest that moral behavior results from both moral judgments and moral identity. The authors conducted 2 survey-based studies with more than 500 students and managers to test this argument. Results demonstrated that moral identity and moral judgments both independently influenced moral behavior. In addition, in situations in which social consensus regarding the moral behavior was not high, moral judgments and moral identity interacted to shape moral behavior. This interaction effect indicated that those who viewed themselves as moral individuals pursued the most extreme alternatives (e.g., never cheating, regularly cheating)--a finding that affirms the motivational power of a moral identity. The authors conclude by considering the implications of this research for both theory and practice.     

Vicarious moral licensing: the influence of others' past moral actions on moral behavior

This article investigates the effect of others' prior nonprejudiced behavior on an individual's subsequent behavior. Five studies supported the hypothesis that people are more willing to express prejudiced attitudes when their group members' past behavior has established nonprejudiced credentials. Study 1a showed that participants who were told that their group was more moral than similar other groups were more willing to describe a job as better suited for Whites than for African Americans. In Study 1b, when given information on group members' prior nondiscriminatory behavior (selecting a Hispanic applicant in a prior task), participants subsequently gave more discriminatory ratings to the Hispanic applicant for a position stereotypically suited for majority members (Whites). In Study 2, moral self-concept mediated the effect of others' prior nonprejudiced actions on a participant's subsequent prejudiced behavior such that others' past nonprejudiced actions enhanced the participant's moral self-concept, and this inflated moral self-concept subsequently drove the participant's prejudiced ratings of a Hispanic applicant. In Study 3, the moderating role of identification with the credentialing group was tested. Results showed that participants expressed more prejudiced attitudes toward a Hispanic applicant when they highly identified with the group members behaving in nonprejudiced manner. In Study 4, the credentialing task was dissociated from the participants' own judgmental task, and, in addition, identification with the credentialing group was manipulated rather than measured. Consistent with prior studies, the results showed that participants who first had the opportunity to view an in-group member's nonprejudiced hiring decision were more likely to reject an African American man for a job stereotypically suited for majority members. These studies suggest a vicarious moral licensing effect.     

Striving for the moral self: the effects of recalling past moral actions on future moral behavior

People's desires to see themselves as moral actors can contribute to their striving for and achievement of a sense of self-completeness. The authors use self-completion theory to predict (and show) that recalling one's own (im)moral behavior leads to compensatory rather than consistent moral action as a way of completing the moral self. In three studies, people who recalled their immoral behavior reported greater participation in moral activities (Study 1), reported stronger prosocial intentions (Study 2), and showed less cheating (Study 3) than people who recalled their moral behavior. These compensatory effects were related to the moral magnitude of the recalled event, but they did not emerge when people recalled their own positive or negative nonmoral behavior (Study 2) or others' (im)moral behavior (Study 3). Thus, the authors extend self-completion theory to the moral domain and use it to integrate the research on moral cleansing (remunerative moral strivings) and moral licensing (relaxed moral strivings).     

Traditional morality, moral reasoning and the moral education of adolescents

While many groups agree that there is a need for schools to give some value training, particularly to adolescents, there is much disagreement as to how this should be done. Two positions on value training seem to be most prevalent today. One has often been identified with Kohlberg--teaching moral reasoning. The other position, supported by most conservative groups in this country today, calls for the teaching of traditional values. Proponents of these two positions have strongly criticized each other's methods and philosophies. This paper examines both positions and attempts to establish a significant common ground. In doing so, it is hoped that educators will be encouraged to incorporate elements of both ideas in the moral education process.     

Moral prototypes and moral behavior: Specific effects on emotional precursors of moral behavior and on moral behavior by the activation of moral prototypes

The present studies investigated the extent to which three basic moral prototypes, “just,” “brave”, and “caring”, are related to moral, prosocial behavior. In five studies, we tested (a) whether people would associate three basic types of moral behavior (helping behavior, moral courage, and heroism) with three moral prototypes, and (b) whether specific emotional precursors of moral behavior and moral behavior itself could be promoted by activating the respective moral prototype. As expected, Studies 1–3 revealed that people associated helping behavior with the caring prototype, moral courage with the just prototype, and heroism with the brave prototype. Studies 4 and 5 showed that the activation of the three prototypes differentially influenced emotional precursors of the three types of moral behavior (Study 4) as well as actual moral behavior (Study 5). Thus, the five studies revealed that people associate different moral behaviors with different moral prototypes and that a certain moral behavior can be activated by the priming of the related prototype. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

品德心理结构研究进展的剖析及展望

对品德心理结构的研究一直是德育心理学研究的重要课题。纵观我国学者关于品德心理结构的研究成果,提示了研究进展的三个阶段:起步研究阶段、拓展研究阶段、核心研究阶段。初步评定了各研究的得失,提出了进一步研究品德心理结构的展望与启示。     

Analysis of methods to determine the latency of online movement adjustments

When studying online movement adjustments, one of the interesting parameters is their latency. We set out to compare three different methods of determining the latency: the threshold, confidence interval, and extrapolation methods. We simulated sets of movements with different movement times and amplitudes of movement adjustments, all with the same known latency. We applied the three different methods in order to determine when the position, velocity, and acceleration of the adjusted movements started to deviate from the values for unperturbed movements. We did so both for averaged data and for the data of individual trials. We evaluated the methods on the basis of their accuracy and precision, and according to whether the latency was influenced by the intensity of the movement adjustment. The extrapolation method applied to average acceleration data gave the most reliable estimates of latency, according to these criteria.     

Religion as a resource for positive youth development: religion, social capital, and moral outcomes

Although existing literature demonstrates that developmental benefits are associated with religion for adolescents, little is understood about the dynamics of this relationship. Drawing on social capital theory, this study tested a conceptual model exploring socially embedded religious influences on moral outcomes. A three-dimensional model of social capital demonstrated how social interaction, trust, and shared vision enable social ties associated with religiousness to influence moral behavior. Structural equation modeling was used with data gathered from 735 urban youths to test a proposed model of the effects of religiousness on moral outcomes. Results suggested that religiously active youths report higher levels of social capital resources and that the influence of adolescent religiousness on moral outcomes was mediated through social capital resources. Suggestions for further research and implications for faith-based youth development organizations are considered.