医药回扣是最大的医患利益冲突

分析医患利益冲突如何影响医生的临床决策,并在此基础上探讨如何处理医患利益冲突。医患利益冲突影响医生临床决策有两个环节,其一是影响其专业判断,其二是影响其医疗决定。医药回扣具备商业贿赂的典型特征。医药回扣是最大的医患利益冲突。     

医药回扣是最大的医患利益冲突

分析医患利益冲突如何影响医生的临床决策,并在此基础上探讨如何处理医患利益冲突.医患利益冲突影响医生临床决策有两个环节,其一是影响其专业判断,其二是影响其医疗决定.医药回扣具备商业贿赂的典型特征.医药回扣是最大的医患利益冲突.     

浅议生物医学研究中不同主体的利益冲突

作为医学伦理学研究的重要内容,生物医学研究中的利益冲突问题日益受到公众、研究机构和管理部门的关注。探讨生物医学活动中研究者、研究机构、学术期刊三种不同主体利益冲突的表现、危害及其特点,以期有针对性地促进人们对该领域利益冲突问题的认识。     

浅议生物医学研究中不同主体的利益冲突

作为医学伦理学研究的重要内容,生物医学研究中的利益冲突问题日益受到公众、研究机构和管理部门的关注.探讨生物医学活动中研究者、研究机构、学术期刊三种不同主体利益冲突的表现、危害及其特点,以期有针对性地促进人们对该领域利益冲突问题的认识.     

公职人员利益冲突的伦理诱因及其矫治

公职人员利益冲突本质上是一种伦理选择的困境,伦理失范是公职人员利益冲突的重要诱因,其中,角色冲突是公职人员利益冲突的重要根源,我国传统宗法伦理思想的影响是利益冲突的社会心理基础,权力信仰迷失、权力观扭曲是利益冲突的直接推动力。要想有效防止利益冲突,必须对利益冲突进行伦理矫治,加快行政伦理法制化进程,强化公职人员伦理道德的外控机制;创新伦理道德教育与培训机制,建构防止利益冲突的自律机制;提升公民道德,为防止利益冲突创造优良的社会环境。     

日本医学产学合作利益冲突管理的新动向

日本医学产学合作政策的实施虽然较美国晚近20年,但对医学产学合作利益冲突的管理比较重视。它汲取美国医学产学合作利益冲突管理的经验教训,如开展启蒙教育,制定利益冲突管理政策,设立利益冲突管理组织,综合运用制度、行政、法律等管理方式。借鉴美国的经验,结合本国的实际,确定日本医学产学合作利益冲突管理的主攻方向,构建法律、政府、学术团体和部门"四位一体"的利益冲突管理体系,建立科学的利益冲突管理体制,加强非研究型大学利益冲突管理的指导,加快制定组织利益冲突管理政策。     

工程中利益冲突问题研究

首先在详细分析工程中利益冲突已有定义的基础上,本文从不同角度提出了一种不同的定义。然后,分析了利益冲突的构成,并列举了利益冲突的情形。接着,分析了利益冲突的伦理问题,并提出解决方法。最后介绍了美国工程社团以及大型企业有关利益冲突的伦理章程和行为规范。     

临床医学利益冲突:误在当代、恨在千秋

临床医学中的利益冲突是当今备受关注的问题之一。它包括临床试验中的利益冲突、医疗体制引发的利益冲突、临床诊疗过程中的利益冲突。当今这些冲突不断加剧的原因,已不仅仅是医疗费用的高涨,而且涉及直接的医学损害和潜在的健康危机。利益冲突不仅损害医疗的公平性和可及性,对整个医学和人类社会发展也将会产生不可预测的损害。因此,临床医学务必要直面利益冲突问题,反思医学行为,充分认识冲突的潜在危机,寻求理性化解之道,让医学技术真正成为维护人类生命和健康的强大力量。     

浅析基因治疗临床试验中的"利益冲突"

基因治疗临床试验中的"利益冲突"问题多聚焦在如何规范利益冲突的不良后果上,却忽视了一些更基本的问题,如临床试验中的不同"利益",利益冲突的表现及防范等.以基因治疗为例,归纳了临床试验中的不同利益和利益冲突形式,并指出"公开经济利益安排"是解决冲突的基本对策.     

医患利益冲突及其平衡

在现代语境下,利益冲突是对医患主体身份的认可与利益多元的表达,而成为考察医患关系的重要向度。制度性的经济利益冲突、个体性的合法权益冲突以及潜在性的价值冲突成为医患利益冲突的主要表现形式。医疗职业化催生了医务人员职业角色与私人角色的分化,价值判断的多元化成为利益冲突发生的道德根源,而医疗市场化改革成为利益冲突的制度性原因。重新审视医患关系本质成为利益平衡的关键,利益平衡强调医患双方利益的合理性,是对双方利益的公平表达,从而有利于医患利益冲突的解决。为此,医改设计中需要平衡医患双方的合法权利,平衡双方的经济利益表达,并注意保护医务人员的合法利益。     

商业银行信贷风险管理中的内部利益冲突与伦理治理

商业银行信贷风险管理中最大的难题是内部利益冲突导致的风险管理失灵甚至无效。信贷从业人员个人权力与组织利益的冲突、眼前利益与长远利益的冲突、等等银行内部利益的冲突时刻都在冲击着风险管理的闸门。这些利益冲突因为风险本身的特征而具有隐蔽性。要真正落实风险管理,就必须运用伦理治理手段平衡有关利益。     

Le développement contemporain des régimes juridiques des conflits d’intérêts : l’exemple du secteur de la santé

The conceptualization of conflicts of interests and deployment of their regulatory systems are primarily modes of economic and managerial health control. When did the legal regime of conflicts of interests, which formalizes the process, clash with the conditions of professional practice? Not all assumptions of friction or opposition of interests necessarily constitute a conflict of interests. All public sector professionals have interests but not all their interests generate conflicts. The aim of public declaration of interests is to reveal the relations of interest in order to allay suspicion. Most frequently in the form of soft law system, the declaration of interests is a way of warning about the existence of a “grey zone” or time of deontological risk. It was changed by the law of 29 December 2011     

The Emergence and Evolution of the Expression “Conflict of Interests” in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Science</Emphasis>: A Historical Overview, 1880–2006

The tendency is strong to take the notion of "conflict of interests" for granted as if it had an invariant meaning and an ethical content independent of the historical context. It is doubtful however, from an historical and sociological point of view, that many of the cases now considered as instances of "conflicts of interests" would also have been conceived and perceived as such in, say, the 1930s. The idea of a "conflict of interests" presupposes that there are indeed interests in conflict. Conversely, as long as there is a consensus among the different groups involved, they will not conceive and even less denounce a given practice as being an instance of a "conflict of interests". In this article we will show that the content of the discussions over conflicts of interests has changed over time in close relation with the transformations of the research system. In other words: there are social conditions for the emergence of "conflicts of interests". The changing meaning of the notion is assessed by analyzing the presence of the expression "conflicts of interests" in the magazine Science over the past century. Three different meanings emerge and their content has evolved in close link with the changing structure of the relations between the scientific community first with the State and then with industry. It moved from a situation external to the scientific community to a debate going on inside the scientific community generated by the growing relations between university and industries.     

Self-control and cooperation: different concepts, similar decisions? A question of the right perspective

Conflicts between an individual's long-term and short-term goals (i.e., self-control conflicts) and conflicts between individual and collective interests (mixed-motive situations) share some interesting features. In this article both types of conflicts are approached from a perspective hypothesis. The hypothesis holds that a decision maker's perspective on his or her decision determines whether either the long-term goals (the collective interests) or the short-term goals (the individual interests) will guide behavior. The hypothesis also implies that factors known to enhance cooperative choices in mixed-motive situations should also facilitate self-control. Three such factors are evaluated: group identification, self-efficacy, and mutual trust. We conclude that the perspective in which choice is considered part of an identifiable series of behaviors is most likely to result in cooperation or self-control.     

医患关系面临的课题:利益的冲突

我国当前医患间存在利益冲突的现实,并呈现出种种特点。医患间相互戒备的加深和防御性医疗的出现,不利于融洽和互动医患关系的形成,医院在引入市场某些机制和扩展自身财力时,应尽力维护中低收入者的医疗保健权利,损害病人的利益,同时坚持医学伦理学的四项原则,建立相互间的诚信,充分运用社会调节和医疗诉讼的杠杆,实行医务公开,有望调节和平衡这种利益冲突,使医患双方的利益得到合理的归缩。     

The troublesome semantics of conflict of interest

The sensible response to conflicts of interest is impaired by misconceptions and sloppy usage of terminology. Apparent and potential are widely misused modifiers for conflicts. Excessive legislative focus on financial interests limits understanding of the scope and significance of researchers' conflicts of interest. There is no moral or ethical failing in having a conflict of interest; the problem occurs when conflicts are not disclosed appropriately and when conflicts are allowed to bias research, teaching, or practice. Avoidance and prevention should be applied to bias, not conflicts.     

The Troublesome Semantics of Conflict of Interest

The sensible response to conflicts of interest is impaired by misconceptions and sloppy usage of terminology. Apparent and potential are widely misused modifiers for conflicts. Excessive legislative focus on financial interests limits understanding of the scope and significance of researchers' conflicts of interest. There is no moral or ethical failing in having a conflict of interest; the problem occurs when conflicts are not disclosed appropriately and when conflicts are allowed to bias research, teaching, or practice. Avoidance and prevention should be applied to bias, not conflicts.     

The implications of value conflict: how disagreement on values affects self-involvement and perceived common ground

This article presents two studies demonstrating the implications of having different values (vs. interests) in a situation where people take opposite positions. Study 1 examined how people respond to a range of conflict issues that were framed either as referring to conflicting values or as referring to conflicting interests. Study 2 used a more immersive methodology, in which participants were led to consider either their values or interests in taking up a particular position, after which they were presented with a confederate who took up the opposite position. Results of both studies converge to demonstrate that framing a particular conflict issue in terms of values causes people to experience more self-involvement and to perceive less common ground. This result can be seen as a potential explanation of why value conflicts tend to escalate more easily than conflicts of interests and also offers scope for interventions directed at value conflict resolution.     

积极心理治疗模式与发展趋势

积极心理治疗是在跨文化的基础上以冲突为中心的治疗模式,治疗中关注个人实际的和潜在的能力,并借助东方寓言故事哲理,用跨文化的认知观点解释冲突。这种符合人性特点的心理治疗模式,为心理治疗开辟了新的途径,促进了心理治疗的发展。