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John Robert Gareth Williams 《Synthese》2008,164(2):235-259
Quine (1960, Word and object. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press, ch. 2) claims that there are a variety of equally good schemes for translating or interpreting
ordinary talk. ‘Rabbit’ might be taken to divide its reference over rabbits, over temporal slices of rabbits, or undetached
parts of rabbits, without significantly affecting which sentences get classified as true and which as false. This is the basis
of his famous ‘argument from below’ to the conclusion that there can be no fact of the matter as to how reference is to be
divided. Putative counterexamples to Quine’s claim have been put forward in the past (see especially Evans 1975; 1975, Journal of Philosophy, LXXII(13), 343–362. Reprinted in McDowell (Ed.), Gareth Evans: Collected papers. Oxford: Clarendon Press.), and various patches have been suggested (e.g. Wright (1997, The indeterminacy of translation.
In C. Wright & B. Hale (Eds.), A companion
to the philosophy of language (pp. 397–426). Oxford: Blackwell)). One lacuna in this literature is that one does not find any detailed presentation of
what exactly these interpretations are supposed to be. Drawing on contemporary literature on persistence, the present paper
sets out detailed semantic treatments for fragments of English, whereby predicates such as ‘rabbit’ divide their reference
over four-dimensional continuants (Quine’s rabbits), instantaneous temporal slices of those continuants (Quine’s rabbit-slices)
and the simple elements which compose those slices (undetached rabbit parts) respectively. Once we have the systematic interpretations
on the table, we can get to work evaluating them. 相似文献
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Joseph Margolis 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(2):179-184
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Kai Nielsen 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(3):313-317
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Synthese - Artificial intelligence (AI) research enjoyed an initial period of enthusiasm in the 1970s and 80s, but this enthusiasm was tempered by a long interlude of frustration when genuinely... 相似文献
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Children (2–13 years at time of injury) were interviewed four times about an injury that required hospital Emergency Room treatment, namely at 1 week, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The consistency of children's reports was assessed and all children gave mostly the same information at each interview, although consistency was higher for older children and for injury rather than hospital details. Furthermore, details recalled at every interview were virtually always accurate while details that were sometimes omitted were a little less likely to be accurate. New information that was introduced after 6 months was more likely to be accurate than inaccurate but new information introduced at 1 or 2 years post‐injury was just as likely to be wrong as right (except for 12–13‐year‐olds). Implications for forensic situations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献