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1.
Joshua Sack 《Synthese》2009,169(2):241-257
This paper aims to extend in two directions the probabilistic dynamic epistemic logic provided in Kooi’s paper (J Logic Lang
Inform 12(4):381–408, 2003) and to relate these extensions to ones made in van Benthem et al. (Proceedings of LOFT’06. Liverpool,
2006). Kooi’s probabilistic dynamic epistemic logic adds to probabilistic epistemic logic sentences that express consequences
of public announcements. The paper (van Benthem et al., Proceedings of LOFT’06. Liverpool, 2006) extends (Kooi, J Logic Lang
Inform 12(4):381–408, 2003) to using action models, but in both papers, the probabilities are discrete, and are defined on
trivial σ-algebras over finite sample spaces. The first extension offered in this paper is to add a previous-time operator to a probabilistic
dynamic epistemic logic similar to Kooi’s in (J Logic Lang Inform 12(4):381–408, 2003). The other is to involve non-trivial
σ-algebras and continuous probabilities in probabilistic dynamic epistemic logic. 相似文献
2.
Matthew J. Traxler 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2009,38(5):491-509
An eye-movement monitoring experiment investigated readers’ response to temporarily ambiguous sentences. The sentences were
ambiguous because a relative clause could attach to one of two preceding nouns. Semantic information disambiguated the sentences.
Working memory considerations predict an overall preference for the second of the two nouns, as does the late closure principle (Frazier, On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut.
West Bend, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1979). Previous studies assessing preferences for such items have obtained
mixed results. On-line assessments show that working memory affects the degree of preference for the first noun, with lower
capacity readers having a greater preference for the second noun (Felser et al., Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental
Linguistics, 11, 127–163, 2003; Traxler, Memory & Cognition, 35, 1107–1121, 2007). Off-line assessments indicate the opposite
pattern of preferences when the test sentences are displayed on a single line (Swets et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General, 136, 64–81, 2007). However, when implicit prosody is manipulated by displaying the sentences with a break between
the second noun and the relative clause, the off-line assessments indicate that readers prefer to attach the relative clause
to the first noun. In this experiment, readers’ undertook a working memory assessment and then read test sentences that were
displayed across two lines, with a break appearing after the second noun and before the relative clause. The eye-tracking
data indicated an overall preference to attach the relative clause to the first noun, and there was little indication that
working memory moderated the degree of preference for this configuration. Hence, it appears that readers’ implicit prosodic
contours rapidly affect resolution of adjunct attachment ambiguities. 相似文献
3.
First Language Attrition Induces Changes in Online Morphosyntactic Processing and Re‐Analysis: An ERP Study of Number Agreement in Complex Italian Sentences
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First language (L1) attrition in adulthood offers new insight on neuroplasticity and the role of language experience in shaping neurocognitive responses to language. Attriters are multilinguals for whom advancing L2 proficiency comes at the cost of the L1, as they experience a shift in exposure and dominance (e.g., due to immigration). To date, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying L1 attrition are largely unexplored. Using event‐related potentials (ERPs), we examined L1‐Italian grammatical processing in 24 attriters and 30 Italian native‐controls. We assessed whether (a) attriters differed from non‐attriting native speakers in their online detection and re‐analysis/repair of number agreement violations, and whether (b) differences in processing were modulated by L1‐proficiency. To test both local and non‐local agreement violations, we manipulated agreement between three inflected constituents and examined ERP responses on two of these (subject, verb , modifier ). Our findings revealed group differences in amplitude, scalp distribution, and duration of LAN/N400 + P600 effects. We discuss these differences as reflecting influence of attriters’ L2‐English, as well as shallower online sentence repair processes than in non‐attriting native speakers. ERP responses were also predicted by L1‐Italian proficiency scores, with smaller N400/P600 amplitudes in lower proficiency individuals. Proficiency only modulated P600 amplitude between 650 and 900 ms, whereas the late P600 (beyond 900 ms) depended on group membership and amount of L1 exposure within attriters. Our study is the first to show qualitative and quantitative differences in ERP responses in attriters compared to non‐attriting native speakers. Our results also emphasize that proficiency predicts language processing profiles, even in native‐speakers, and that the P600 should not be considered a monolithic component. 相似文献
4.
Ian Andrew James 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(4):276-285
The ideas outlined in this paper developed from three separate strands of my work as a therapist treating older people. Firstly,
I was concerned with reducing the number of patients not benefiting from therapy. In keeping with Pinquart et al.'s (Am J
Psychiatry 163:1493–1501, 2006) recent meta-analytic survey concerning the use of psychotherapy and medication, 50% of the
depressed patients treated by my team failed to respond adequately. Secondly, the ideas grew out of my attempts to determine
why different therapies with older people have often been shown to have equivocal beneficial impacts (Davies and Collerton,
J Ment Health 6:335–344, 1997). Thirdly, I was interested in integrating the relevant neuropsychological features, particularly
memory, into my therapeutic work. These three strands have led me to propose a pan-theoretical model of distress based on
memory functioning and existing information processing perspectives (Teasdale and Barnard, Affect, cognition and change: Remodelling
depressive thought, 1993; Power and Dalgleish, Behav Cogn Psychother, 27:129–142, 1996). 相似文献
5.
Christianson K 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2008,37(6):391-403
The results of two text-change experiments are reported. The experiments were designed to investigate the syntactic representation
of garden path sentences such as While the man hunted the deer that was brown and graceful ran into the woods, specifically the claim that a significant number of misinterpretations of such sentences are due to incomplete syntactic
reanalysis (Christianson et al. Cogn Psychol 42:368–407, 2001). In the experiments reported here, the pronoun it was added (Expt. 1) or deleted (Expt. 2) from short texts containing such sentences. Participants were more or less likely
to notice both deletions and additions of it in certain syntactic contexts, as predicted by the incomplete reanalysis account. Correlations with reading times support
this interpretation of the results. Overall, the data are consistent with a “good enough” view of language processing (Ferreira
et al. J Psycholinguist Res 30:3–20, 2001). 相似文献
6.
Schweigert WA 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2009,38(1):25-42
How the perceptions of novel figurative phrases change over the course of numerous presentations were addressed in three studies
using rating tasks (Studies 1 and 3) and recall tasks (Study 2). The present set of studies replicated much of Schweigert
et al.’s (J Psychol Res 32:455–475, 2003) findings of changes in correlations among figurative phrases ratings. The results
also suggest that catchiness, frequency heard agreement, and frequency used agreement can be used as predictors of phrase
memorability and potential predictors of later idiomaticity. 相似文献
7.
The current study examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the latency with which a filler-gap dependency is constructed. A previous behavioral study found that low span listeners did not exhibit antecedent reactivation at gap sites in relative clauses, in comparison to high verbal memory span subjects (Roberts et?al. in J Psycholinguist Res 36(2):175-188, 2007), which suggests that low span subjects are delayed at gap filling. This possibility was examined in the current study. Using an event-related potentials paradigm, it was found that low span subjects have an onset latency delay of about 200?ms in brain responses to violations of syntactic expectancies after the gap site, thus providing a time course measure of the delay hypothesized by previous literature. 相似文献
8.
The effect of word frequency on the processing of monomorphemic vs. inflected words was investigated in a morphologically relatively limited language, Swedish, with two participant groups: early Finnish–Swedish bilinguals and Swedish monolinguals. The visual lexical decision results of the monolinguals suggest morphological decomposition with low-frequency inflected nouns, while with medium- and high-frequency inflections, full-form processing was apparently employed. The bilinguals demonstrated a similar pattern. The results suggest that morpheme-based recognition is employed even in a morphologically limited language when the inflectional forms occur rarely. With more frequent inflectional forms, full-form representations have developed for both mono- and bilingual speakers. In a comparable study employing a morphologically rich language, Finnish, Lehtonen and Laine (2003, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 213–225) observed full-form access only at the high-frequency range and only for monolinguals. These differences suggest that besides word frequency and language background, the morphological richness of a language affects the processing mode employed with polymorphemic wordsThis study was financially supported by a grant (#20010) from the Joint Committee of the Nordic Social Science Research Councils (NOS-S). We are grateful for Jonna Kortelahti- Brunnsteiner for recruitment and testing of part of the bilingual participants 相似文献
9.
Dynamic epistemic logic with branching temporal structures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van Bentham et al. (Merging frameworks for interaction: DEL and ETL, 2007) provides a framework for generating the models
of Epistemic Temporal Logic (ETL: Fagin et al., Reasoning about knowledge, 1995; Parikh and Ramanujam, Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 2003)
from the models of Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL: Baltag et al., in: Gilboa (ed.) Tark 1998, 1998; Gerbrandy, Bisimulations on Planet Kripke, 1999). We consider the logic
TDEL on the merged semantic framework, and its extension with the labeled past-operator “P
ϵ” (“The event ϵ has happened before which. . .”). To axiomatize the extension, we introduce a method for transforming a given
model into a normal form in a suitable sense. These logics suggest further applications of DEL in the theory of agency, the theory of learning, etc. 相似文献
10.
Patrick Grim Randy Au Nancy Louie Robert Rosenberger William Braynen Evan Selinger Robb E. Eason 《Synthese》2008,163(2):273-297
Robustness has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating game-theoretic results, but talk of ‘robustness’
generally remains vague. What we offer here is a graphic measure for a particular kind of robustness (‘matrix robustness’),
using a three-dimensional display of the universe of 2 × 2 game theory. In such a measure specific games appear as specific
volumes (Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stag Hunt, etc.), allowing a graphic image of the extent of particular game-theoretic effects
in terms of those games. The measure also allows for an easy comparison between different effects in terms of matrix robustness.
Here we use the measure to compare the robustness of Tit for Tat’s well-known success in spatialized games (Axelrod, R. (1984).
The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books; Grim, P. et al. (1998). The philosophical computer: Exploratory essays in philosophical computer modeling. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) with the robustness of a recent game-theoretic model of the contact hypothesis regarding prejudice
reduction (Grim et al. 2005. Public Affairs Quarterly, 19, 95–125). 相似文献
11.
Mònica González Germà Coenders Marc Saez Ferran Casas 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(3):335-352
In this article we defend that the adoption of a non-linear approach, theoretically framed on complexity theories can make
some contribution to the bottom-up approach, which explains the levels of satisfaction with life as a whole through the combination
of the levels of satisfaction in different life domains. Two approaches have been tested: (Rojas in J Happiness Stud 7:467–497,
2006) constant elasticity of substitution model and the model with quadratic terms and interaction effects (González et al. in
Soc Indic Res 80:267–295, 2006; González et al. in Qual Quant 42:1–21, 2008). In order to prevent obtaining false non-linear relationships they have been analysed twice taking into account or not limited
measurement of satisfaction with life as a whole. Results show that: (a) any of the two non-linear models fits better than
the linear one; (b) any of the models failing to take into account limited measurement fits worse; (c) the non-linear model
with quadratic terms and interaction effects fits better than Rojas’. The implications for the study of psychological well-being
are discussed. 相似文献
12.
倪梁康 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):238-250
Human beings’ moral life can be divided into two forms, one based on moral instincts and the other on moral judgments. The
former is carried on without deliberation, while the latter relies upon valuations and judgments. The two can ultimately be
viewed as man’s innate moral nature and acquired moral conventions. Theoretically, preference for the former will lead to
naturalism and for the latter to culturalism, but this is the reality of man’s moral life. Moreover, there may be a parallel
relation between the moral structure of human life and the grammatical structure of human language.
Translated by Yu Xin from Zhexue yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Researches), 2007, (12): 72–78 相似文献
13.
Talkers are recognized more accurately if they are speaking the listeners’ native language rather than an unfamiliar language. This “language familiarity effect” has been shown not to depend upon comprehension and must instead involve language sound patterns. We further examine the level of sound‐pattern processing involved, by comparing talker recognition in foreign languages versus two varieties of English, by (a) English speakers of one variety, (b) English speakers of the other variety, and (c) non‐native listeners (more familiar with one of the varieties). All listener groups performed better with native than foreign speech, but no effect of language variety appeared: Native listeners discriminated talkers equally well in each, with the native variety never outdoing the other variety, and non‐native listeners discriminated talkers equally poorly in each, irrespective of the variety's familiarity. The results suggest that this talker recognition effect rests not on simple familiarity, but on an abstract level of phonological processing. 相似文献
14.
15.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
16.
Katie R. Kryski Eric J. Mash Jerilyn E. Ninowski Deborah L. Semple 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(3):270-277
The relationship between maternal ADHD symptoms and maternal language was examined in a community sample of 50 mothers of
infants age 3–12 months. It was hypothesized that higher maternal symptoms of ADHD would be related to lower quality of maternal
language use. Recordings of mothers’ speech were coded for complexity and elaboration of speech and vocabulary diversity during
an interview with an adult and during mother–infant play interactions in the home. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed
that maternal ADHD symptoms were significantly related to mothers’ lower mean length of utterances during the interview and
during mother–infant play interactions. Maternal ADHD symptoms were not related to maternal vocabulary use in either of these
situations. Our findings suggest that mothers with higher ADHD symptoms may display exiguous language behaviors when interacting
with their infants and with adults. In addition, findings suggest one reason why current parent-management programs for children
with ADHD, which are verbally based and rely heavily on the parent’s communication skills, are relatively ineffective when
ADHD may be present in the parent. 相似文献
17.
This study compares four methodologies used to examine online sentence processing during reading. Specifically, self-paced,
non-cumulative, moving-window reading (Just et al. in J Exp Psychol Gen 111:228–238, 1982), eye tracking (see e.g., Rayner in Q J Exp Psychol 62:1457–1506, 2009), and two versions of the maze task (Forster et al. in Behav Res Methods 41:163–171, 2009)—the lexicality maze and the grammaticality maze—were used to investigate the processing of sentences containing temporary
structural ambiguities. Of particular interest were (i) whether each task was capable of revealing processing differences
on these sentences and (ii) whether these effects were indicated precisely at the predicted word/region. Although there was
considerable overlap in the general pattern of results from the four tasks, there were also clear differences among them in
terms of the strength and timing of the observed effects. In particular, excepting sentences that tap into clause-closure
commitments, both maze task versions provided robust, “localized” indications of incremental sentence processing difficulty
relative to self-paced reading and eye tracking. 相似文献
18.
The dichotic perception of Mandarin tones by native and nonnative listeners was examined in order to investigate the lateralization of lexical tone. Twenty American listeners with no tone language background and 20 Chinese listeners were asked to identify dichotically presented tone pairs by identifying which tone they heard in each ear. For the Chinese listeners, 57% of the total errors occurred via the left ear, indicating a significant right ear advantage. However, the American listeners revealed no significant ear preference, with 48% of the errors attributable to the left ear. These results indicated that Mandarin tones are predominantly processed in the left hemisphere by native Mandarin speakers, whereas they are bilaterally processed by American English speakers with no prior tone experience. The results also suggest that the left hemisphere superiority for native Mandarin tone processing is similar to native processing of other tone languages. 相似文献
19.
This study reports two metalinguistic parameters that constitute the schematic control of lateral inhibitory links between
translation equivalents within the bilingual lexico-semantic system of Green’s (Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1:67–81,
1998a, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1:100–104, 1998b, The bilingualism reader, Routledge, London, 2007) inhibitory
control (IC) model. Building on Green’s postulation that the bilingual lexico-semantic system is controlled by a hierarchy
of schemas under a supervisory attentional system, the bilingual unconsciously filters activated lemmas during fluent spontaneous
codeswitching, such that lemmas that are semantico-syntactically versatile or morphosyntactically transparent are likely to
reach a threshold of activation first while other lemmas are inhibited. To investigate the issue, we collected code-paired
naturalistic and elicited data with a focus on code-switched determiner phrases from 140 Mandarin-English simultaneous bilinguals
who were post-secondary students in Singapore. We found that the semantico-syntactic and morpho-syntactic dissimilarities
between Mandarin and English activated both filters. As most Mandarin determiners are economical vis-à-vis their English counterparts,
their lemmas were selected frequently while English lemmas were largely inhibited. It was also found that our participants
preferred English nouns in filling the lexical category for their interpretable feature of number, a feature that is normally
absent in Mandarin nouns. 相似文献
20.
Event-related potential studies on second language processing reveal that L1/L2 differences are due either to proficiency, age of acquisition or grammatical differences between L1 and L2 (Kotz in Brain Lang 109(2–3):68–74, 2009). However, the relative impact of these and other factors in second language processing is still not well understood. Here we present evidence from behavioral and ERP experiments on Basque sentence word order processing by L1Spanish–L2Basque early bilinguals (Age of Aquisition \(=\) 3 years) with very high proficiency in their L2. Results reveal that these L2 speakers have a preference towards canonical Subject–Object–Verb word order, which they processed faster and with greater ease than non-canonical Object–Subject–Verb. This result converges with the processing preferences shown by natives and reported in Erdocia et al. (Brain Lang 109(1):1–17, 2009). However, electrophysiological measures associated to canonical (SOV) and non-canonical (OSV) sentences revealed a different pattern in the non-natives, as compared to that reported previously for natives. The non-native group elicited a P600 component that native group did not show when comparing S and O at sentence’s second position. This pattern of results suggests that, despite high proficiency, non-native language processing recruits neural resources that are different from those employed in native languages. 相似文献