A token-actuated timer for line-voltage devices

A token-actuated timer that detects the insertion of a flat washer (“token”) is described. The unit provides a timed line-voltage output and counts the number of times the line-voltage device has been operated. Using behavioral token economies, this device has been used to control the television watching of children by monitoring television watching time, and by controlling the amount of time the television is on.     

A variable-temperature surrogate mother for studying attachment in infant monkeys

A variable temperature surrogate mother for use with infant monkeys is described. The apparatus is designed to facilitate manipulation of the infant-surrogate attachment bond. Data showing significant behavioral changes in ventral contact and locomotion as a function of depressed surrogate temperature are presented. The value of this technique in the production of psyehopathology is indicated by a dramatic and progressive increase in disturbance behaviors during a 9-week test period. Implications for the use of a variable temperature surrogate in studying animal models of psyehopathology are noted.     

A nonmagnetic stereotaxic head holder for macaque monkeys

In this paper, we describe the design and construction of a nonmetallic, nonmagnetic stereotaxic device for use in holding the head of anesthetized macaque monkeys during magnetic resonance and computerized axial tomography imaging procedures. Head movement can be eliminated, permitting the investigator to obtain maximal resolution from the imaging system.     

A method for implantation of a chronically indwelling intravenous catheter in the pigeon

A procedure is described for infusing liquids directly into the bloodstream of freely moving unanesthetized pigeons. The system can be used for infusing drugs periodically or chronically for many months. Its potential for studying the stimulus properties of drugs, state dependent learning, drug self-administration, as well as the unconditioned responses to noncontingent intravenous drug administration in pigeons is discussed.     

A subcutaneous intracerebral drug delivery device for use in rhesus monkeys

This large-animal intracerebral drug administration unit is designed to allow the delivery of drugs or other agents to discrete loci within the brains of animals while maintaining sterile conditions. It is an improvement over existing designs because it (1) maintains an absolute minimal dead space within the system, (2) is smaller in diameter (by approximately 80% than existing shunt catheters, minimizing tissue damage during placement,(3) is easily secured and requires minimal clearance over the cranium, and (4) maintains a sterile seal between the brain and periphery. Preliminary studies indicate that the device is well accepted by monkeys and is fully functional for periods up to a year. The device is intended for permanent implantation.